Study Guide Chapter 1 Exam 1 Chapters 1 4 plus lecture on Brain Development and Parenting Families Any of the material from the book chapters and lectures may be on the test This study guide is NOT comprehensive but addresses major topics that each student should know for the exam o Developmental psychology is the study of changes that occur over the course of a lifespan Be able to explain developmental psychology primarily psychological changes Know about the nature vs nurture debate o Nature Traits capacities limitations that each individual inherits o Nurture All environmental influences that affect development Know the four characteristics of development o Multidirectional Development is not in a straight path at all times sometimes there are zigzags Example A child with a normal IQ does not necessarily have to progress into an adult with a normal IQ things can happen to change the way the child develops o Multicontextual Human lives are embedded in many contexts including historical conditions economic constraints and family patterns o Multidisciplinary Numerous academic fields especially psychology biology education and sociology but also neuroscience economics religion anthropology history medicine genetics and many more contribute data and insights o Plasticity Every individual and every trait within each individual can be altered at any point in the life span Change is ongoing although it is neither random nor easy o Multicultural Many cultures not just between nations but also within them affect how people develop Dynamic systems theory Ecological systems theory o Dynamic systems theory A view of human development as an ongoing ever changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her environment including family and society o Ecological systems approach The view that in the study of human development the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitutes a life Be able to define and understand how we study developmental psychology o Scientific Method Ask a question Develop a hypothesis Test hypothesis Draw conclusions o Observations Testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants Report results behavior in a systematic way o Surveys A research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews written questions or some other means o Experiments Longitudinal cross sequential and cross sectional research o Longitudinal A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed o Cross sequential A hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages and then those groups over the years o Cross sectional A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics Causation vs correlation o Causation Just because two things are correlated it doesn t mean there is causal o Correlation A number between 1 and 0 that indicates a relationship between the two relationship things Qualitative vs Quantitative Ethics Chapter 2 Grand Theories o Qualitative Research that considers qualities instead of quantities o Quantitative Research data that is expressed with numbers o There is a code of ethics that scientists must hold to o Psychoanalytic Irrational unconscious drives and motive often originating in childhood underlie human behavior Freud s Psychosexual Stages 0 1 Oral stage 1 3 Anal stage 3 6 Phalic stage Penis 6 11 interlude Adolescence Genital Adulthood Genital Erikson s Psychosocial Stages 0 1 Trust v Mistrust Trust their caregivers 1 3 Autonomy v Shame and Doubt Try to be independent or doubt themselves 3 6 Initiative v Guilt Mimic Adults 6 11 Industry v Inferiority Learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior Adolescence Identify v Role Confusion Establish identity or remain confused o Behavioralism Study of observable behavior describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned Classical Conditioning You make a correlation between a stimulus and the response Operant conditioning It makes you more likely to repeat an action or not to repeat an action Social learning theory Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person s behavior o Cognitive Focuses on changes in how people think over time also thoughts shape our attitudes beliefs and behaviors Assimilation You interpret external objects or events in terms of your own available and favored ways of thinking Accommodation You adjust your knowledge in response to the special characteristics of an object or event Equilibrium No discrepancies between experience and understanding Emergent Theories o Sociocultural theory o The Zone of proximal development o Epigenetic theory Chapter 3 Know the molecular beginnings of human development DNA chromosome gene allele proteins amino acids Genotype Phenotype Dominant and Recessive genes Differences between MZ DZ twins Assisted Reproduction Chapter 4 Know when each of the phases of pregnancy germinal embryonic and fetal occur and what is happening during each Know hazards of pregnancy Teratogens critical and sensitive periods Threshold effect Sleeper effect Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Sudden Infant Death Syndr Apgar test Infant Reflexes Variations in Birth weight Post Partum Depression Couvade Brain Development Cerebral Cortex Know where each lobe is located and what major behaviors they are associated with Know what a neuron is and how information is transferred from neuron to neuron Cerebral Lateralization Corpus Callosum Synaptogenesis Synaptic Pruning Brain Plasticity How to study Brain Functioning Parenting Families Lecture Parenting styles Differences in quality childcare Contextual factors that impact childcare Childcare and parent relationships