PSYC 4220 1st Edition Lect ure 17 Outline of Last Lecture I II III IV V Caregiver s Attachment Development of Infant s Attachment to Caregiver 4 Phases Attachment Related Fears Quality of Attachment Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV V VI Insecure Attachment Caregiver s Contributions to Attachment Infant s Contributions to Attachment Body Growth Brain development Motor Skill Development Current Lecture A baby is labeled as secure if he gets upset when she leaves goes to her for comfort when she comes back she soothes it but then it goes right back to exploring 3 types of Insecure Attachment Resistant babies will get upset and go to her when she come back but continue to cling to her for fear that she will leave again and not come back Avoidant babies are practically unattached not affected when mom leaves or comes back also don t trust her but rather than clinging to her they ignore her presence Disorganized don t know what they want unpredictable and mixed reactions Caregiver s Contributions to Attachment Quality Caregiving hypothesis type of attachment baby forms is determined by type of caregiving provided Securely attached babies parents are sensitive synchronous emotionally supportive stimulating Babies with resistant style inconsistent parents sometimes soothe sometimes don t Baby tries to get comfort through neediness becomes angry when nothing works Babies with avoidant style parents eitherImpatient unresponsive negative OR Provide too much stimulation not responsive to baby s cues In order to deal with that they learn to avoid the adult and deal without emotional support try at a sadly young age to become self sufficient Babies with disorganized disoriented style parents likely neglectful or abusive Infant s Contributions to Attachment Quality We used to think that attachment was entirely the parents fault However now we think the babies temperament can affect it Temperament hypothesis strange situation is really measuring differences in infant temperament not attachment styles Correct Not really If this were the case we would always see the same attachment with every person but that is not what we see can be securely attached to one parent and not the other etc Some babies have different types of attachments to different people Training parents increased number of securely attached babies Fraternal and identical twins equally likely to develop same attachment to parents suggesting environmental influence outweigh genetic influences Attachment An Interaction Between Infant and Parent Affected by both style of caregiving AND temperament of infant Quality of caregiving affects development of secure or insecure attachment type of insecure attachment influenced by temperament Babies with fearful temperament resistant Babies with fearless temperament avoidant Goodness of fit Model attachments determined by compatibility between child s temperament and caregiving style of parents Physical Development Preschool Chapter 8 Body Growth Add 2 3 inches 5 lbs each year At beginning boys and girls are the same size but at the end of thus phase Boys taller heavier more muscular Begins to lose baby fat gain adult proportions this improves balance Size affected by nutrition health care genetics Brain Development Brain increases from 70 to 90 of adult weight Rapid development of frontal lobes corpus callosum connects left and right hemisphere and allows them to communicate a lot more efficiently Brain becomes more lateralized but two hemispheres work together on most tasks Plasticity of brain if one area is damaged other areas may take over function i e left side of brain damaged but the younger you are the greater the chance that other parts of the brain will take over doing those tasks Motor Skill Development Gross motor skills show steady improvement over preschool years i e learning to throw a ball at 2 just push ball out of hadn but by 5 are stepping forward twisting body and really getting a much better throw Partly due to maturation of brain body and partly due to practice High activity levels highest at age 3 Boys slightly more active than girls Boys better at skills involving power strength part of this is how we socialize them and what we expect each gender of child to become good at Motor Skill Development Fine motor skills requiring smaller more precise movements also improve Girls better at these skills and those requiring balance and precision Gradually become adept at dressing feeding themselves Motor Skill Development Fine motor skills Potty training takes place We are potting training later and later in the US In 1957 92 of 18 months old were potty trained and now the average age of being potty trained is over 24 months AAP advocates flexible approach when child shows signs of being ready Up to 12 months children just physically can t be body trained because they do not have control over their bladder or bowel yet i e Dr Welsh tried to potty train her son and he rebelled and just would go in his room and go right after she asked him if he needed to go so she went back to diapers but a month later she tried again and rewarded him with stickers and he totally got into it and was potty trained in like 3 days the child has to be willing and it has to be the right time for them too the harder the parent pushes to potty train the child the harder the child usually rebels can t make it a power struggle even if it may take a little longer to train them