PSYC 4220 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Basic Issues in Human Development II Developmental Psychology Today III Parenting Styles A Authoritative B Authoritarian C Permissive D Uninvolved Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV V VI Contextual Effects of Parenting Styles Genetic Code Meiosis Family Resemblance Mitosis Determination of Sex Current Lecture Contextual Effects of Parenting Styles Parenting styles model criticized for focusing mostly on American white middle upper class families May not apply as well to other groups Successful parenting influenced by cultural values parenting goals Using styles to classify other groups may not work Outside of U S parents have a lot more inherent authority and children are expected to obey without explanation authoritative more care Authoritarian parenting Not exactly many have high warmth too In U S warmth is defined by praise but in other cultures this is not very common they may show warmth in other ways Even within US may be hard to apply model to lower SES or different ethnicities Native American Hispanic American Asian American parent more controlling stress respect for and obedience to authority dependence on family But this is not detrimental Asian American parents use mostly Authoritarian styles Asian American kids with most authoritarian parents score highest on cognitive tests Many African American mothers especially single less educated demand strict obedience and use coercive physical punishment Does not increase aggression or antisocial behavior For African American kids correlations found between authoritarian parenting and school performance social competence While some parenting styles are ineffective there is no style that works for all families in all settings However authoritative parenting correlated with positive outcomes in all groups studied Warmth to control best outcomes for most Uninvolved neglectful worst outcomes Social class also plays role Compared to middle class parents parents who are in lower SES groups Stress obedience respect for authority More authoritarian more powerful assertion Related to increased stress marital difficulties cased by financial hardship Good supportive marriage optimism social support can reduce negative effects May also parent in this manner to help children prepare for adulthood Genetic code New genetic code formed at conception moment when egg is fertilized by sperm Ovum female reproductive cell Sperm male reproductive cell DNA arranged in 46 threadlike bodies called chromosomes Sperm ovum each contain 23 chromosomes join to make total of 46 pairs Both members of chromosome pair influence same characteristics Each chromosome made up of 1000s of genes Genes basic units of heredity made of DNA Reproductive cells are special and instead of mitosis they multiply by meiosis Meiosis Reproductive germ cell containing 46 chromosomes divides Produces sperm cell or ova Contains half the parent cell s original chromosomes 23 chromosomes Family Genetic Resemblance Identical twins 1 fertilized ovum divides to form 2 genetically monozygotic identical siblings nothing can predict this Fraternal twins dizygotic 2 ova fertilized by different sperm happens when a woman hyper ovulates releases more than 1 egg this can be predicted in future generations If you are older when you get pregnant more likely to have twins Also if African overweight Identical twins have nearly identical genetic makeup Fraternal twins are no more genetically alike than any other brother sister pair Regular sibling about 50 genetic 50 genetic resemblance to parent about 25 to other family members Mitosis zygote formed after sperm and egg join starts as a single cell becomes multiple celled organism through mitosis mitosis cell division cell divides to produce 2 identical cells Determination of Sex 23rd pair of chromosomes sex chromosomes male one long chromosome called an X one short stubby chromosome with fewer genes called a Y chromosome females 2 X chromosomes sperm determines the sex ovum fertilized by sperm with Y chromosome XY zygote genetic male ovum fertilized by sperm with X chromosome XX zygote genetic female