PSYC 4220 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 10 Lecture 1 August 14 What is Development Development systematic continuities and changes in an individual from conception until death long lasting changes i e temperament as a child and how it stays the same as a lifespan Describe the Lifespan Prenatal Period conception to birth Infancy Birth to 18 months Toddlerhood 18 months 3 years Preschool period 3 to 5 or 6 years of age Kindergarten Middle childhood 6 12 puberty Adolescence 12 or puberty until 20 or so independent from parents Emerging Adulthood Not clearly defined not official tentative Defined as 18 29 or as time from HS graduation until stable career relationships Young adulthood 20 to 40 years Middle adulthood 40 to 65 years old Late adulthood 65 and older Age norms unspoken societal rules based on age i e going to movies and sitting next to stranger Lecture 2 August How do developmental researchers collect data Surveys self report simply ask participants about thoughts attitudes feelings or behavior Retrospective ask people about childhood Or ask parents or teachers because babies can t talk Naturalist observation observe behaviors in everyday life ethnography researcher lives and interacts with people in a culture then provides detailed description Structured laboratory observation observe participants in lab under carefully created conditions EEG electroencephalogram measures brain wave activity by attaching electrodes to the scalp fMRI using powerful magnetic field produces detailed 3D image of brain cross sectional design children indifferent age groups measured at same time Longitudinal design Same group of participants measured at different ages Cross generational problem hard to generalize to groups not part of that cohort Sequential design combine cross sectional and longitudinal approaches Microgenetic design using participant at the edge of developmental milestone repeatedly expose them to conditions that will prompt milestone to occur Lecture 3 August What are the basic issues of human development Nature vs nurture which has more impact on development our genes or our environment Some fall more on one side than the other Activity vs passivity are children active or passive in their own development Who developed parenting styles and what are they Bomerand Authoritative affectionate high but reasonable expectations democratic control Authoritarian low warmth high unrealistic expectations very strict rules with no explanation Permissive very affectionate low expectations lack of rules structure Uninvolved low warmth low expectations neglecting Lecture 4 August What are some contextual effects of parenting Parenting styles model criticized for focusing mostly on American white middle upper class families May not apply as well to other groups Native American Hispanic American Asian American parent more controlling stress respect for and obedience to authority dependence on family What is the new genetic code made up of moment when egg is fertilized by sperm Ovum female reproductive cell Sperm male reproductive cell DNA arranged in 46 threadlike bodies called chromosomes What is meiosis Reproductive germ cell containing 46 chromosomes divides Produces sperm cell or ova Contains half the parent cell s original chromosomes 23 chromosomes How does family genetic resemblance work Identical twins 1 fertilized ovum divides to form 2 genetically monozygotic identical siblings nothing can predict this Fraternal twins dizygotic 2 ova fertilized by different sperm happens when a woman hyper ovulates releases more than 1 egg this can be predicted in future generations Identical twins have nearly identical genetic makeup Fraternal twins are no more genetically alike than any other brother sister pair Lecture 5 August How is genetic code translated Genotype genetic makeup a person inherits Phenotype characteristic or traits that are actually displayed Multifactorial transmission determination of traits by combo of genetics and environment genotype provides range within phenotype may be expressed How does single gene pair inheritance work Some human characteristics influenced by only one pair of genes Dominant genes expressed when present mask effects of recessive genes Recessive genes not expressed when paired with a dominant gene but can still be passed to offspring 3 possible combinations of gene pairs 2 dominant genes 2 recessive genes 1 dominant and one recessive gene Homozygous both genes are same two recessive genes develop recessive trait 2 dominant genes develop dominant trait Heterozygous genes are diff 1 dominant gene one recessive dominant gene expressed but recessive gene can still be passed on Lecture 6 September 4 Which maternal characteristics affect prenatal development Age 1st pregnancy when under 16 or over 40 increases risk Why For mothers under 16 not a physical risk Environmental effects such as poverty poor nutrition high stress lack of prenatal care For mothers over 40 Increased risk of miscarriage due to genetic abnormalities Diet Lecture 8 September 6 What is a cesarean section and why is it performed Incision made through abdominal wall and into uterus Infant and placenta removed through opening Used for many reasons fetal distress slow labor progression multiple births breech births certain STIs How does low birth weight affect birth Can lead to complications if less than 5 5 lbs or born before term Complications caused by low birth weight breathing difficulties underdeveloped sensory systems difficulty forming secure attachments to caregivers learning difficulties lower IQs higher risk for heart disease type 2 diabetes asthma What is the Apgar test and what is it used for used to assess newborn status Appearance color pink Pulse over 100 beats minute Grimace reflexes crying coughing clearing throat Activity muscle tone Respiration Lecture 9 September 9 What are some infant reflexes Unlearned involuntary response to stimuli 2 categories survival breathing eye blink swallowing sucking and rooting swimming non survival Babinski reflex tickle babies foot and they fan out toes and then scrunch them up Grasping reflex starts fading at about 3 months Stepping reflex starts to fade at 8 weeks but this will strengthen that part of the brain when we actually start walking their heads are still too heavy and their legs are too weak Moro reflex when it feels like it s head and neck aren t being supported they thro their arms wide and bring them back in