PSYC 4220 1st Edition L ecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Ways Developmental Researchers Collect Data II Pros of different methodologies III Cons of different methodologies Outline of Current Lecture I II III A B C D Basic Issues in Human Development Developmental Psychology Today Parenting Styles Authoritative Authoritarian Permissive Uninvolved Current Lecture Basic Issues in Human Development Nature vs nurture which has more impact on development our genes or our environment Some fall more on one side than the other Activity vs passivity are children active or passive in their own development Activity active in the development of who you are You choose to hang with smokers behind the gym you choose to steal Passivity your parents are totally in control of who you become Continuity vs discontinuity do we develop gradually or do we develop in sudden abrupt stages Continuity quantitative change i e tree growth qualitative Discontinuity qualitative change i e butterfly develops Universality vs context specificity do we all develop in the same way or is development different fro each person or for different groups Developmental Psychology Today Contextual theory prevalent today Development is interplay between environment and person Bother person and environment are active Both qualitative and quantitative changes depending on what you are looking at Less extreme positions most people in the middle developmental issues Most are eclectic More emphasis on mini theories that try to explain one specific aspect of development Parenting Styles Developed by Bomerand Dimensions of Child Rearing Acceptance responsiveness extent of parents support sensitivity to needs warmth and praise Demandingness control level of control expectations for compliance Very directive monitor closely partake in child s decision making High acceptance Low acceptance responsiveness responsiveness High demandingness Authoritative affectionate Authoritarian low warmth control high but reasonable high unrealistic expectations democratic expectations very strict control rules with no explanation Low demandingness Permissive very Uninvolved low warmth control affectionate low low expectations expectations lack of neglecting rules structure Children of the parenting styles High acceptance responsiveness High demandingness Authoritative Self reliant control self controlled friendly cooperative independent achievement oriented Low demandingness control Permissive parents dependent low in social skills impulsive aggressive disobedient rebellious low in achievement orientation lower academic performance Low acceptance responsiveness Authoritarian withdrawn anxious low self esteem lower academic performance Girls very dependent on parents Boys hostile angry Uninvolved parents worst outcomes by age 3 higher in aggression lower academic performance anger depression more likely to be antisocial or deviant as teens Parenting Styles Parent effects model parents influence how child develops Child effects model child influences parents and parenting style Research supports parent effects model Longitudinal studies Authoritative parents toddlers become more compliant and decrease behavior problems Authoritarian parents toddlers become more defiant and increase in behavior problems Research also supports child effects model Stubborn impulsive children elicit more punitive coercive parenting Parents become more lax less affectionate even hostile and uninvolved Transaction model parents and kids influence each other Parents appear to have more influence on kids than kids have on parenting Becomes more bidirectional as kids age Important Notes Some kids with permissive authoritarian parents develop just fine Parents do not always use one style consistently with all kids and may differ in style from co parenting