Natural SelectionAssignmentNatural SelectionNatural SelectionPopulations with individuals that reproduce are subject to Natural SelectionAttributes of LIFEEarly OrganismsComponents of all LIFEMacromoleculesEarly Life: Current IdeasOrganisms evolve, even the simplestSCIENCE versus LAWEVOLUTION of organismsEVOLUTION requires reproduction and populations.Evolution and ContinuityHOMOLOGYAlternatives to EVOLUTION‘Intelligent’ Design: Origin‘Intelligent’ Design: The IdeaProblem to think aboutVocabularyLecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 1Natural SelectionNatural SelectionA simple, powerful idea that A simple, powerful idea that explains how populations of explains how populations of reproducing individuals respond to reproducing individuals respond to environmental challenges.environmental challenges.Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 2AssignmentAssignmentReRe--Read pages 4Read pages 4--8.8.Think AboutThink AboutWhat is the result of a cycle of replication?What is the result of a cycle of replication?How many individuals will there be if 5 How many individuals will there be if 5 individuals each go thru 3 cycles of individuals each go thru 3 cycles of replication? replication?Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 3Natural SelectionNatural SelectionIs a process associated with a Is a process associated with a population population of individualsof individualsand their offspring, NOT and their offspring, NOT change within the life of an individual.change within the life of an individual.The reproduction of individuals is essential The reproduction of individuals is essential to natural selection.to natural selection.Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 4Natural SelectionNatural Selection‘‘SuccessSuccess’’of biological individual is defined of biological individual is defined by longer persistence and/or increase in by longer persistence and/or increase in abundance of a type within a population.abundance of a type within a population.Resistance to antibiotics is a classical case of Resistance to antibiotics is a classical case of selection changing the character of a selection changing the character of a population.population.The process that generates The process that generates ‘‘winnerswinners’’and and ‘‘loserslosers’’within the population is named within the population is named natural selectionnatural selection..Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 5Populations with individuals that reproduce Populations with individuals that reproduce are subject to Natural Selectionare subject to Natural SelectionNatural selection takes place in Natural selection takes place in allallsystems systems with with reproductionreproduction(formation of new (formation of new individuals similar to their parent(s)).individuals similar to their parent(s)).Study of BIOLOGY encompasses all things Study of BIOLOGY encompasses all things with reproduction of this type.with reproduction of this type.VirusesVirusesreproduce in this way, even reproduce in this way, even though virus are not considered living though virus are not considered living organisms, they are subject to natural organisms, they are subject to natural selection.selection.Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 6Attributes of LIFEAttributes of LIFEBoundaryBoundary(inside and outside)(inside and outside)Capacity to acquire Capacity to acquire energy and materialsenergy and materialsfrom the environmentfrom the environmentProcessing of materials and energy so that Processing of materials and energy so that duplicationduplicationcan take place.can take place.Storage of information necessary to build Storage of information necessary to build parts needed for acquisition and parts needed for acquisition and processing, processing, ieie. . REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION..Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 7Early OrganismsEarly OrganismsThe simplest living systems today The simplest living systems today are a logical place to look for are a logical place to look for ideas about origin of organisms.ideas about origin of organisms.What elements and molecules are What elements and molecules are part of even the part of even the simplestsimplestorganism that exists todayorganism that exists today??Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 8Components of all LIFEComponents of all LIFEWATERWATERas the as the ‘‘matrixmatrix’’in which chemical in which chemical reactions within living organisms take place.reactions within living organisms take place.Life requires large molecules with many atoms.Life requires large molecules with many atoms.CARBON as the only element which bonds in a CARBON as the only element which bonds in a way that way that macromoleculesmacromoleculescan be built.can be built.SIX elements essential to all organisms are: SIX elements essential to all organisms are: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, PhosphorusPhosphorusand and SulfurSulfur..Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 9MacromoleculesMacromoleculesNucleic acidsNucleic acids= DNA & RNA= DNA & RNAProteinsProteins, all enzymes are proteins, all enzymes are proteinsCarbohydratesCarbohydrates, CH, CH2OOLipids or fatsLipids or fatsForm boundary between inside & Form boundary between inside & outsideoutsideLecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 10Early Life: Current IdeasEarly Life: Current Ideas All studied individuals store information in nucleic acids, but perform function thru proteins. RNA can store information and perform some function, so it seems likely that the earliest organisms were based on RNA.Lecture 3 Exam 1 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 11Organisms evolve, even the Organisms evolve, even the simplestsimplestOnce individuals can reproduce, there will be Once individuals can reproduce, there will be evolution evolution (= differential reproduction).(= differential reproduction).Individuals of a type that survives longer Individuals of a type that survives longer and/or reproduces faster will increase their and/or reproduces faster will increase their proportion of the population. proportion of the population. The ability to The ability to vertically transmitvertically transmitor or ‘‘pass onpass on’’attributes attributes totooffspring results in a increase in offspring results in a increase in the abundance of the better