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UIC BIOS 101 - ECOSYSTEM Material Cycles

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ECOSYSTEM Material CyclesReadingEcosystemEcosystem EcologyMaterials Cycle (but energy flows)Biomass ‘Pyramids’Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Ingestion and ExcretionHeavy MetalsBIOMAGNIFICATIONEgg shell thinning from DDTBiogeochemical CyclingMaterial CyclesTurnover or Residence Time, the length of time in the poolBiosphere RecyclingDetritusDetritusDecomposersAnimals that use wood have symbiontsLocal cycling of materialSlide Number 22Losses and Gains of NutrientsGlobal Carbon CycleGlobal Carbon CycleGlobal Nitrogen CycleAmounts of Nitrogen moving into biosphere each yearVOCABULARYExam 3 lecture #111ECOSYSTEM Material ECOSYSTEM Material CyclesCyclesUltimately Ultimately materialmaterial (elements) must (elements) must cyclecycle among the compartments in among the compartments in which it is found. The global paths which it is found. The global paths that an element takes is referred to that an element takes is referred to as its as its biogeochemical cyclebiogeochemical cycle. . UIC BioS 101 NybergExam 3 #112ReadingReadingToday we concentrate on 54.2.Today we concentrate on 54.2.Figure Figure 54.1854.18 and and 54.1654.16 describe the describe the CarbonCarbon and and NitrogenNitrogen cycles, reservoirs and rates of cycles, reservoirs and rates of traanfertraanfer of two major elements.of two major elements.The water cycle, Fig. 54.14, cycling of a The water cycle, Fig. 54.14, cycling of a moleculemolecule, ignores the formation and , ignores the formation and destruction of the molecule.destruction of the molecule.UIC BioS 101 NybergExam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg3EcosystemEcosystemWe used the word We used the word ecosystemecosystem to include not to include not only the living organisms of a community, only the living organisms of a community, but also the but also the abioticabiotic components that are components that are important to functioning of organisms.important to functioning of organisms.AbioticAbiotic components include:components include:–– Atmosphere and its molecules.Atmosphere and its molecules.–– Water and molecules dissolved in it.Water and molecules dissolved in it.–– Any other nonAny other non--living part important to function, living part important to function, such as temperature and regimes/patterns.such as temperature and regimes/patterns.Exam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg4Ecosystem EcologyEcosystem EcologyEcology that focuses on the flow of energy Ecology that focuses on the flow of energy and materials is called and materials is called ecosystem ecologyecosystem ecology..Typically, ecosystem ecologists are not Typically, ecosystem ecologists are not interested in species, but rather groups interested in species, but rather groups aggregated by aggregated by trophictrophic level such as plants level such as plants or carnivores.or carnivores.Exam 3 lecture #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg5Materials Cycle (Materials Cycle (butbut energy energy flowsflows))Energy moves from a source (and eventually Energy moves from a source (and eventually is dissipated).is dissipated).Elements (material) are not gained or lost, Elements (material) are not gained or lost, the the constant total amount constant total amount does move among does move among compartments holding different forms.compartments holding different forms.The movement of an element among its The movement of an element among its compartments is called a compartments is called a cyclecycle as an as an individual atom eventually moves among all individual atom eventually moves among all comparmentscomparments..Exam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg6Biomass Biomass ‘‘PyramidsPyramids’’If the producers grow rapidly, it may be possible If the producers grow rapidly, it may be possible for there to be more for there to be more biomassbiomass of of consumersconsumers than than of of producersproducers..OligotrophicOligotrophic aquatic systems frequently have a aquatic systems frequently have a greater mass of greater mass of zooplanktonzooplankton than of than of phytoplankton phytoplankton (the world is not green in water).(the world is not green in water).Terrestrial systems almost always have mass Terrestrial systems almost always have mass pyramids close to energy pyramid (which always pyramids close to energy pyramid (which always has has lessless at subsequent levels).at subsequent levels).Exam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg7ProducerHerbivoreCarnivoreBiomass shown by widthBiomass shown by widthAQUATIC SYSTEMWith rapidly growing autotrophsTerrestrial SystemExam 3 #11Exam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg9Ingestion and ExcretionIngestion and ExcretionNot all the food that is eaten is absorbed Not all the food that is eaten is absorbed –– some is excreted.some is excreted.Not all the compounds that are absorbed Not all the compounds that are absorbed are metabolized (broken down) equally are metabolized (broken down) equally efficiently.efficiently.Compounds/elements that are absorbed, Compounds/elements that are absorbed, but not metabolized accumulate in the but not metabolized accumulate in the body. The amount an individual has is body. The amount an individual has is called the called the ‘‘body burdenbody burden’’..Exam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg10Heavy MetalsHeavy MetalsSome metals (Fe, Cu & Zn) are essential Some metals (Fe, Cu & Zn) are essential micronutrients for most organisms.micronutrients for most organisms.Lead (Lead (PbPb) and mercury () and mercury (HgHg) have a variety ) have a variety of negative effects on organisms.of negative effects on organisms.Lead and mercury are excreted very Lead and mercury are excreted very slowly (half life over one year), so they slowly (half life over one year), so they tend to accumulate in the body.tend to accumulate in the body.LeadLead and and mercurymercury continue to be major continue to be major health concerns for humans.health concerns for humans.Exam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg11BIOMAGNIFICATIONBIOMAGNIFICATIONToxicity of compounds increases with Toxicity of compounds increases with increasing concentration.increasing concentration.Concentration increasesConcentration increasesat each at each trophictrophic level.level.Compound that is absorbed but not metabolized.Example DDT, PCBEgg shell thinning from DDTEgg shell thinning from DDTExam 3 #11Exam 3 #11UIC BioS 101 Nyberg13Biogeochemical CyclingBiogeochemical CyclingBioBio –– stands for the biosphere, the living stands for the biosphere, the living organisms,organisms,GeoGeo –– stands for the


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