Plants and AgricultureReading AssignmentUses of plantsEcosystem ServicesSustainabilityAncient Greening of the EarthPlants species have been changed by humansThe Grass FamilyLand PlantsSOILParts of SoilMineral particlesIllinois in 1800A quality prairieIL before and afterSoybeans as far as the eye can seeIllinois AgriculturePlant Life CyclesMaterials transport associated with AgricultureInnovations allowing life on LandReproduction in dry environmentsAlternation of generationsGametophyteSexes in plantsVocabularyLecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg11Plants and AgriculturePlants and AgricultureAll life is dependent on the All life is dependent on the transformation of solar energy into transformation of solar energy into chemical energy by plants.chemical energy by plants.Illinois is a major agricultural state.Illinois is a major agricultural state.Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg22Reading AssignmentReading AssignmentIn chapter 30 read pages 546In chapter 30 read pages 546--552 and 556552 and 556--564.564.Use internet to supplement lecture notes Use internet to supplement lecture notes about soils.about soils.Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg33Uses of plantsUses of plantsBesides consuming COBesides consuming CO22and producing Oand producing O22, , traditionally plants are major sources of:traditionally plants are major sources of:FoodFoodFuel Fuel ––woodwoodFiber for clothing, ropes and paperFiber for clothing, ropes and paperColorColorMedicine (often molecules defending plants Medicine (often molecules defending plants against animals)against animals)Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg44Ecosystem ServicesEcosystem ServicesHumans are biological (rather than economic Humans are biological (rather than economic or cultural) entities first and foremostor cultural) entities first and foremostWe have found many substitutes for plants as a We have found many substitutes for plants as a source of fuel, fiber, color and medicine, but source of fuel, fiber, color and medicine, but human life needs a human life needs a ‘‘healthyhealthy’’environmentenvironmentFOOD, Clean fresh water, clean airFOOD, Clean fresh water, clean airPlants effect the earth in many ways Plants effect the earth in many ways Soils, climate, shelter, and othersSoils, climate, shelter, and othersLecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg55SustainabilitySustainabilityLife on earth is due to the capacity of plants to Life on earth is due to the capacity of plants to use light energy from the sun to build complex use light energy from the sun to build complex macromolecules.macromolecules.Materials (elements) cycle through living Materials (elements) cycle through living systems, but that cycling is dependent on the systems, but that cycling is dependent on the constant input of solar energy.constant input of solar energy.Sustainable systemsSustainable systemsare ones where inputs and are ones where inputs and outputs are balanced so reservoir (or pool) has outputs are balanced so reservoir (or pool) has constant size.constant size.Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg66Ancient Greening of the EarthAncient Greening of the EarthA species in the Green algae lineage gained the A species in the Green algae lineage gained the ability to grow on land. ability to grow on land. Land plants have waterLand plants have water--conducting tissues conducting tissues which supply water to photosynthetic tissue. which supply water to photosynthetic tissue. Plants covered most of the terrestrial earth as Plants covered most of the terrestrial earth as they improved capacity to conduct water.they improved capacity to conduct water.Large amounts of Large amounts of carboncarbonwere moved from the were moved from the air into dead biomass which became coal.air into dead biomass which became coal.Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg77Plants species have been changed by Plants species have been changed by humanshumansAlmost all vegetable crops are very different Almost all vegetable crops are very different from their wild progenitors (from their wild progenitors (via selectionvia selection).).Cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, Cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, collard greens, cauliflower and others were collard greens, cauliflower and others were selected from a single wild species.selected from a single wild species.Corn Corn ––is so modified there was a long debate is so modified there was a long debate about what wild species it was derived from.about what wild species it was derived from.Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg88The Grass FamilyThe Grass FamilySeedsSeedsof the Grass family (grains) provide of the Grass family (grains) provide most human calories.most human calories.WheatWheatRiceRiceCornCornAll crops are highly modified by selection All crops are highly modified by selection from the wild species. The process is referred from the wild species. The process is referred to as to as domesticationdomestication..Grasses are all wind or self pollinated.Grasses are all wind or self pollinated.Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg99Land PlantsLand PlantsPlants growing on land Plants growing on land --their their shootsshootsare are seeking light from the sun and carbon dioxide seeking light from the sun and carbon dioxide from the air, while their from the air, while their rootsrootsseek water and seek water and nutrients from below the surface.nutrients from below the surface.The growth of roots The growth of roots --to assure a supply of to assure a supply of water for the plantwater for the plant--required the sending of required the sending of organic matter below the surface.organic matter below the surface.Organic matter below the surface leads to the Organic matter below the surface leads to the development of soil.development of soil.Lecture 11 exam 1Lecture 11 exam 1UIC BioS 101 NybergUIC BioS 101 Nyberg1010SOILSOILThe soil at the surface of the earth is a complex The soil at the