AdaptationReadingQuestions Understanding adaptationAdaptation vs AcclimatizationAdaptation as processStructure and FunctionWays fish feedAlligator Gar uses its teethLargemouth bass use suction and ‘swimming over’ preyPaddlefish, a filter feederParrotfish have jaws strong enough to eat coralSeahorse mouth is a narrow tubeCamouflageCamouflageCamouflage and lack thereof, BistonArea and VolumeIncreasing surface areaEfficiency is not always increased by evolutionMammals vs amphibiansVocabularyExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 1AdaptationTraits/Characters that function to increase survival or reproduction and are due to genes (i.e., are heritable) are called adaptations.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 2Reading The reading for today’s lecture is p. 803 – 806, & 811-914 in chapter 41. Animal form and function are the product of many years of evolution, and are often considered in the evolution section of books. Adaptations are explained by stories.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 3Questions  How are Oryx able to live in the desert where most animals can’t? How can the variety of fish mouths be explained? How do organisms hide? How does function change with size?And many others.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 4Understanding adaptation For each question one can do studies from which one learns something about function. This information about ‘mechanisms’ is woven into a story that explains how the organism functions. Metabolic water offers an explanation of how an organism can survive in desert (=without drinking water).Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 5Adaptation vs Acclimatization Changes that increase function of an individual (such as exercise), but can not be transmitted to offspring are called acclimatization. Adaptation is reserved for increases in function that are the result of genetic change of the population.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 6Adaptation as process Biologists call the processes of becoming adapted adaptation, so the word can be a verb or a noun. Though adaptation requires changes in genes, the stage of the process where the genes are polymorphic is rarely observed.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 7Structure and Function Consider the mouth of a fish.– The mouth performs functions that are part of breathing and prey capture and perhaps other activities.– The ‘best’ arrangement for breathing may not be the ‘best’ for capturing quick prey, the conflict among functions results in a ‘trade-off’.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 8Ways fish feed Suction is an important component of feeding of most fish.– The mouth cavity expands and water rushes in. Only a few fish use teeth to capture prey Filtering small organisms from water works for some fishExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 9Alligator Gar uses its teethExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 10Largemouth bass use suction and ‘swimming over’ preyExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 11Paddlefish, a filter feederExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 12Parrotfish have jaws strong enough to eat coralExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 13Seahorse mouth is a narrow tubeExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 14CamouflageExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 15CamouflageExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 16Camouflage and lack thereof, BistonExam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 17Area and Volume The size of organisms and cells plays a big role in how they function. Volume increases proportional to the cube of length, i.e., l3. Surface area increases proportional to square of length, i.e., l2.  As cells get bigger it is harder to get the materials the cytoplasm needs thru the cell membrane.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 18Increasing surface area Large individuals have a variety of ways to increase the surface area in tissues and organs.– Flattening– Folding– Branching All organs of the body have some features to increase rates of exchange of material across membranes.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 19Efficiency is not always increased by evolution Salamanders and other ‘cold blooded’organisms are more efficient in converting the food they eat into biomass than are the ‘warm blooded’birds and mammals, yet amphibians and reptiles have largely been replaced by mammals and birds in most ecosystems.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 20Mammals vs amphibians Mammals use a much smaller percent of the energy that they gather for reproduction and growth, but because they can gather more food per gram of mass (and perhaps for other reasons) mammal populations can grow faster than amphibians.Exam 2 Lecture 9 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg 21Vocabulary Adaptation Form and function Acclimatization Polymorphic Trade-off Suction Diffusion Allometry