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UIC BIOS 101 - BEHAVIOR

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BEHAVIORReading AssignmentWhy organisms do what they do?Behavior sensitivity to experienceFixed Action PatternsNature vs NurtureConditional StrategiesWhat should I eat?Bee-eatersTesting ideas- thinking about ourselvesWho should I mate with?Many of the behaviors studied are associated with sexTesting the effects of light and social stimulationFigure 51.5 – what does it tell?Mate Choice –A female prerogativeWhere should I live?MigrationHow do animals find their way?How should I communicate?Honeybee languageHoneybee description of food sourceDeceptionMimicry exploits deceptionWhen should I Cooperate?Classification of interactions between individuals based on outcomesKin SelectionCalculating Coefficients of RelatednessVocabularyExam 3 lecture #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg1BEHAVIORThe action(s) of an organism may be called behavior. Actions are traditionally responses that occur shortly after an event/stimulus.Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg2Reading Assignment The assigned reading is Chapter 51.  Five Questions are the focus Eat Mate Where to go Communication/manipulation Self versus groupExam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg3Why organisms do what they do? Proximate – the mechanisms connecting the stimulus to the resulting action are studied and described. Ultimate – words that attempt to describe how or why the response is useful or adaptive, ie increases fitness. The chapter should be read skeptically. Ask if the appropriate evidence is actually provided.Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg4Behavior sensitivity to experience Inflexible responses –fixed action patterns Typically sequences of actions performed in a short period of time, e.g., prey capture, that do not change. Learned (modified by an individual’s experience) & conditional (varies according to circumstances, but innately, i.e., likely to be genetic)Exam 3 lecture #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg5Fixed Action Patterns FAP are sets of actions with little variation in performance sequence and timing. Sequence of actions is coordinated once initiated (compressed time). Associated with dramatic action-packed situations that show up on popular media.Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg6Nature vs Nurture Both genetic variation (nature) and variation in environmental conditions (nurture) effect the probability that specific behaviors will be manifest. Sometimes genetic variation is only visible in specific environments.Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg7Conditional Strategies When behavior changes according to the environment in which an individual finds itself, we say the behavior is ‘conditional’. The word ‘strategy’ is used in connection with alternative behaviors because biologists believe that behaviors are the product of adaptive evolution.What should I eat? Conditional on: Availability Hunger Individual preferences which include experience Polymorphism for foraging in Drosophila Both Rover and Sitter genes in populationsExam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg8Bee-eatersExam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg9Why do the bee-eaters that don’t have to go far gather less food?Is it ‘snacking’?Testing ideas- thinking about ourselves Humans are organisms. It is useful to evaluate/test ideas and theory in the context of observations of others and your own experience. “What should you eat?” How are the ideas of foraging theory manifest in the ways you answer that question?Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg10Who should I mate with? The diversity of sexual behavior is great One way of looking at evolutionary diversity is to acknowledge they are many functionally equivalent ways satisfying ‘ultimate causation’ Pairs of individuals partner for life in many animal species and the decision whom should I mate with is necessarily different than if individuals do not protect/raise offspring.Exam 3 lecture #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg11Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg12Many of the behaviors studied are associated with sex Among the strange and unusual behaviors is the capacity of some fish to change sex. Many species have individuals that are sexually active only part of the year. The example in your text is Anolis lizards and the question asked is ‘what stimulates females to have mature eggs?’Testing the effects of light and social stimulation Captured lizards brought to laboratory Environment changed to simulate spring Females in 5 treatment groups Isolated individual, small group of females, female with male, female with castrated males, single female with many males Females sacrificed each week and assayed for mature follicles (eggs)Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg13Figure 51.5 – what does it tell? By 4 weeks all females have mature eggs so environment change works to induce females even when males not present. Females get mature eggs earlier when males are present. A single male accelerates egg maturation more than a group. Female social interactions have no effect.Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg14Mate Choice –A female prerogative Eggs are a costly resource and parental care is more likely to be delivered by females. This is the narrative offered to explain why males court females more often than females court males. The experiments described in the book measure a surrogate of fitness. Fitness is tough to measure. Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg15Where should I live? Roots limit the capacity of plants to move, but animals can move and are inferred to be making choices when they do move. Limiting movements to a small space, a territory, give the animal knowledge about the details of a specific area. Moving in space can follow abundant resources. At one place resources vary temporally (with time). Exam 3 lecture #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg16Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg17Migration The capacity of animals to navigate often exceeds the capacity of human individuals. Most people depend on social organizations to find their way around, i.e. they buy a ticket to get to a place. Some species of animals show an impressive ability to navigate, especially to find home.How do animals find their way? Using experience with ‘landmarks’locations, called piloting in Freeman Long distance movement in a single direction, compass orientation. Sun, stars, magnetic field all have spatial information that can be used. Salmon can find the stream they were born in after swimming about ocean. Exam 3 #3 UIC BioS 101 Nyberg18How should I


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