ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I The ensiling process silages and factors affecting forage quality Outline of Current Lecture II Beef Cattle Nutrition and Feeding a US Economic Value of Agriculture b US Beef Cow Industry c Beef Cow Calf Operations in Texas d Cost of Producing Beef Vs Pork e Organic Vs Conventional Beef Production III Energy Requirements for Beef Cows a Feed Energy Budgets b Factors Affecting NE Requirements i Maintenance c Factors Affecting NE Maintenance Requirement i Cold Stress ii Heat Stress iii Breed Effects iv Pregnancy and Lactation IV Annual Energy Budget a Simmental Cows b Angus cows Current Lecture Beef Cattle Nutrition and Feeding Breeding and Herd Nutrition Management Beef Cattle Nutrition and Feeding US Economic Value of Agricultural Commodities 2003 212 billion 2008 324 billion Top 5 Agricultural Commodities Commodity 2003 2008 Cattle and Calves 21 3 14 9 Dairy Products 10 0 10 7 Corn 8 7 15 9 Soybeans 7 5 9 0 2010 314 billion 2010 16 4 10 0 14 2 10 6 These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Broilers 7 2 7 1 7 5 US Beef Cow Inventory 1 Texas 2 Oklahoma 3 Missouri 4 Nebraska 5 South Dakota 6 Montana 7 Kansas 8 Kentucky 9 Tennessee 10 Florida 11 Iowa 12 North Dakota Texas has by far the most beef cattle more than Oklahoma and Missouri combined Beef numbers have slowly decreased in Texas due to drought 2010 33 4 million head 2014 29 million head Beef Cow Calf Operations in Texas Size of Herd cows Operations x 1000 Percent of Producers Percent of Inventory 1 to 49 104 78 30 50 to 99 18 13 19 100 to 499 11 8 33 500 1 1 18 large producers are the smallest producer percentage but have a very high inventory it is hard to get farmers to adapt and buy new technologies because there are so many small farms throughout Texas Cost of Producing Beef Vs Pork One Beef Cow 80 of cows exposed to breeding produce a calf 1200 lb market weight 62 5 carcass dressing 50 retail lean yield 300 lbs of retail lean yield per cow per year One Sow Current Production 1 8 litters year 8 0 pigs litter 245 lb market weight 70 carcass dressing 52 retail lean yield 1285 lb of retail lean yield per sow per year One Sow 5 year Future Production bigger operations are currently running at this level 2 2 litters year 9 5 pigs litter 245 lb market weight 70 carcass dressing 54 retail lean yield 1935 lb of retail lean yield per sow per year How the Beef Industry Stays Competitive there is a higher customer demand for beef beef animals can use high fiber low quality diets Feed costs are a big reason for loss in net income throughout the cattle industry Organic Vs Conventional Beef Production Item Organic Grass Feed Natural Grain Fed Conventionally GrainBeef Beef Fed Beef Starting Weight lb 425 475 475 Days on Feed 366 329 303 ADG lb per day 1 65 2 36 3 06 Feed Grain Ratio 11 0 7 1 6 2 Carcass Weight lb 623 782 876 Land Required acre 5 04 1 99 1 64 per lb beef CO2 Emissions 5 4 2 7 2 2 Methane per lb Beef Organic beef had the least ADG highest feed gain ratio lowest carcass weights highest days on feed require the most land and emit the most CO2 Energy Requirements for Beef Cows energy is needed for maintenance pregnancy lactation and growth during 1st and 2nd pregnancies Feed Energy Budgets To Produce Beef 30 of energy slaughter progeny 70 for the cow herd 73 maintenance 20 lactation 7 fetal growth Integrated Beef Systems 51 maintenance 30 slaughter progeny 5 fetal growth 14 milk Factors Affecting NE Requirements Maintenance Body Weight NEm kcal day 007 BW0 75 Physiological Status lactating cows have 20 higher maintenance requirement than nonlactating cows lactating cows need more calories and have a higher metabolism and liver Activity if grazed at low stocking rate may have 30 40 higher NEm requirements more ability to move around and lose energy Environment cold and heat stress increase NEm requirements Breed Dairy breeds beef Bos Taurus breeds beef Bos Indicus breeds Factors Affecting NEm Maintenance Requirements Cold Stress Conditions Lower Critical Temp LCT F Summer hair coat 59 Fall hair coat 45 Winter hair coat 32 Heavy winter hair coat 17 Cold stress Adjustments NEm increases by 1 for every degree F below LCT in dry climates increases by 2 for every degree F below LCT in wet climates cattle respond to environment by increasing metabolism to increase body heat TNZ area between cold stress and heat stress where animal s NEm Cold Stress Zones Zone 1 little danger to mature animals Zone 2 increasing danger will freeze exposed flesh will stress animals causing latent diseases to appear Zone 3 great danger especially to younger animals Heat Stress as heat increases cattle run risks of developing dehydration heat stroke and can death Breed Effects Dairy Breeds 20 higher NEm than the base 20 077 BW0 75 Beef Bos Taurus Breeds the base NEm value Beef Bos Indicus Breeds 10 lower NEm than the base Pregnancy and Lactation NE for pregnancy stage of gestation number of fetuses birth weight of calf NE for lactation stage of lactation amount of milk produced i e breed genetics Annual Energy Budget Simmental Cows Herd Specifications BW 1320 lbs Calf BW 88 lbs Weaning Age 210 days Peak Milk Production 26 4 lbs Total Annual NE required 6106 Mcal Total Annual Hay required 7 6 tons 0 4 Mcal NE lb hay Angus Cows Herd Specifications BW 1320 lbs Calf BW 88 lbs Weaning Age 210 days Peak milk production 17 6 lbs Total annual NE required 4959 Mcal Total annual hay required 6 2 tons 0 4 Mcal NE lb hay