Kines100: Exercise, Health and Nutrition Last Lecture Outline Lecture 13 1. Primary Care Physicians and Research2. Psychological benefits• Exercise and depression, anxiety, cognition, pain and self-esteem3. MechanismsCurrent Lecture 1. Mechanisms 2. Semantics 3. Exercise and staleness Mechanisms • Distraction:◦ Bahrke and Morgan examined changes in state anxiety following exercise, medication and quite rest◦ Results: significant decrease in anxiety following all 3 conditions ◦ Raglin and Morgan: examined changes in anxiety and blood pressure following exercise and quiet rest◦ Results: significant decrease in anxiety and blood pressure following both; effects lasted much longer following exercise • Monoamine: ◦ Norepinephrine and serotonin examined ◦ dysregulation of monoamine system seen in depressed individuals ◦ Exercises found to impact brain levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in animals (positive way) • Opiods: ◦ endogenous opiod system can be activated by exercise, research findings are mixed, linked to exercise addiction ◦ Negative effects ▪ exercise addictions ▪ overtraining and staleness Semantics • Committed, motivated, obligatory, dependent, addiction (diagnosis= treatment)• Exercise dependence/Addition ◦ Tolerance, withdrawal, lack of control, time, reduction in other activities, continuance; for most people, benefit of exercise far exceed the potential for exercise abuse • Exercise addiction◦ ~3% of general population meet criteria, can occur in men and women ◦ Associated often with endurance exercise but also with resistance training◦ 40-50% of exercise addiction, can follow criteria for eating disorder • Cycle of events ◦ Recreational exercise ◦ At risk exercise (when dependency starts)◦ Problem exercise ◦ Exercise addiction ▪ Warning signs: job, family, self injury (if any of these categories are effected) • Animals research (mice)◦ morphine- addiction- deprivation- withdrawal◦ Exercise- addiction- deprivation- withdrawal Exercise and staleness • Overtraining ◦ systematically planned◦ Significant increase in training volume ◦ With proper taper, results increase performance • Staleness: ◦ drop in performance that is not improved with rest and reductions in training ◦ most research focuses on endurance sports (run, swim, row)◦ In elite distance runners that show staleness- Women: 60% Men: 64% ◦ Behavior in Staleness ▪ Performance plateaus or decrements ▪ elevated sense of effort ▪ Insomnia ▪ decreased appetite ◦ Physiological ▪ Many variables studied (inconsistent results) ▪ Consistent: muscle soreness, creatine kinase, and weight loss ◦ Psychological▪ Increased tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion ▪ Decreased vigor ▪ increased state and trait anxiety ◦ Can staleness be prevented?▪ Monitor variables: muscle soreness, creatine kinase, mood disturbance, muscle glycogen ▪ Complete rest is the only known
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