SPH R 311 1nd Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 5 11 Lecture 5 September 22 Informal Structure and Formal Structure Define informal structure Informal structure is what happens naturally in organizations It is the set of unofficial relations among members within an organization Define formal structure Formal structure encompasses the roles assigned to individuals It is the official structure of the organization What is organizational culture Organizational culture is the shared meanings that people assign to their social surroundings It is constantly evolving and is a set of characteristics that define a business It involves employee attitudes standards rites and rituals Organizational culture includes behavioral regularities when people interact norms that evolve in working groups dominant values supported philosophy guiding the organization and rules for getting along in the organization What are the four types of cultures that fall under organizational culture Define them The four types are thick culture thin culture dominant culture and sub cultures Thick cultures occur where the members agree about the importance of certain values and employ them in their daily routines Thin cultures occur in organizations where the membership is constantly changing Dominant culture reflects the core values of the majority of people and sub cultures are cultures within a culture What is an organizational climate mean Organizational climate is a cultural artifact resulting from championed values and assumptions It is an atmosphere evolving through time with a particular mixture of staff How does one develop positive organizational culture and climate Positive organizational culture and climate is created by encouraging openness flexibility and teamwork by committing to diversity throughout the organization by keeping a customer service orientation by building a sense of community and focusing on quality improvement Lecture 6 September 29 Structuring the Organization What does it mean to organize the work Organizing the work is a process of arranging people and other resources to work together to accomplish a goal It involves dividing up the work arranging resources and coordination of activities What is an organizational chart An organizational chart defines how job tasks are formally divided grouped and coordinated What are the six elements of the organizational chart The six elements are work specialization departmentalization chain of command centralization span of control and formalization Define work specialization Work specialization describes how narrow the focus of the job is Define departmentalization Departmentalization is how jobs are grouped according to function product location or customer What is functional departmentalization Functional departmentalization is the most basic form of departmentalization It is when employees who do the same or similar jobs are brought together in one department Define chain of command Chain of command describes the lines of authority and who answers to whom in the organization What does span of control refer to The span of control refers to the number of people or operations that a manager can control effectively A small span is a small number of employees while a large span is a large number of employees Define centralization Centralization is the extent to which decision making is concentrated at one or a few points in the organization In a centralized organization top managers make all the decisions Define formalization Formalization is the level of standardization in a job In a high standardized job there is little control Formalization is also how tasks are performed Define flexibility Flexibility is the ability to accommodate change Organizations that are more highly formalized and centralized tend to be less flexible Lecture 7 October 1 Solving Problems and Making Decisions What is some common problems managers face Some common problems managers face are employee attendance issues employee conflict and handling customer complaints Define problem solving Problem solving is defined as choosing issues setting goals and designing actions What are programmed decisions Programmed decisions are routine decisions that managers face daily and they are less time consuming and less difficult to make than non programmed decisions What is a non programmed decision A non programmed decision is more challenging They are new and unique and they take more thought than programmed decisions Name the eight decision making styles The eight decision making styles are impulsive fatalistic compliant procrastination agonizing intuitive play it safe and planner What are three ways managers deal with problems The three ways managers deal with problems are avoiding them solving them as necessary and seeking them out Name the seven steps to effective problem solving The seven steps to problem solving are identifying the issue understanding everyone s interests list the possible solutions evaluate the options select an option or options document the agreement or solution and agree on contingencies monitoring and evaluation Lecture 8 October 6 Communication What are the ten levels of intimacy in today s communication The ten levels are talking video chat phone letter IM text message email Facebook messaging Facebook status and twitter What are some ways to improve communication networking skills Communication networking skills can be improved by using emailing and social media write memos letters reports network with peers and mentors conduct job interviews give persuasive presentations and work well in teams What is the difference between routine messaging and non routine messaging Routine messaging can be communicated effectively through channels that are lower in richness They save time Non routine messaging should be communicated through rich channels which are personal two way and slow Define persuasive and credible communication Persuasive communication presents a message in a manner that causes the other person to support it Credible communication earns trust respect and integrity in the eyes of others What are some communication barriers Communication barriers include information filtering poor choice of channel poor written or oral expression failure to recognize non verbal signs physical distractions and cross cultural differences Lecture 9 October 8 Teamwork and Developing Teams Define teams and teamwork A team is a collection of people who regularly