SPH R 311 Edition 1nd Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Introducing Management A Working Today B Organizations in the New Workplace C Managers in the New Workplace D The Management Process E Learning How to Manage II Management Learning Past to Present A Classical Management Approaches B Behavioral Management Approaches C Modern Management Foundations III 10 Things Only Bad Managers Say Outline of Current Lecture I Leadership Theories A Trait Theories B Attribution Theories C Behavioral Theories D Contingency E Situational F Participative G Transactional H Relationship or transformational II Leadership Styles A Autocratic B Democratic C Laissez faire III Service Sectors A Public B Non profit C Commercial Current Lecture I Leadership Theories A Trait theories Leadership is a function of an individual s characteristics or traits Great Man theory of leadership explained leadership by focusing on the greatness of the leader male perceived as virtuous magnanimous famous born with the characteristics Different trait theories depending on the culture Trait profile of a leader is possible but there is limited scientific support B Attribution theory Explains leadership through the belief that leadership is attributes to one who looks and acts like a leader To how people tend to attribute good leadership to a leader of a group that has done something well regardless of the leaders actual impact Attributions are judgments or evaluations of another person May be based on fact perceptions feelings stereotypes C Behavioral theory Encompasses those ideas that explain leadership on the basis of behaviors exhibited by the leader An effective leader will manifest certain leadership behaviors at a particular time Act as a leader to be perceived as one Four primary leader tasks making decisions influencing people building relationships and giving seeking information D Contingency Theory Explained leadership in terms of an individual s style of leadership and the response of the group they are leading Leadership effectiveness is contingent upon appropriateness of the leader s style to the task Success depends upon a number of variables including the relationship between the leader and the group the task structure and power of the leader E Situational theory Takes into account the leader the followers and the situation and explain leadership as emerging based on the situation Person emerges as the leader when a certain situation arises that draws them out Leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables Three factors affect the leader s decision 1 The situation 2 The capability of the followers 3 The capability of the leader F Participative Taking input of others into account while leading and encouraging participation and contributions from group members G Transactional Focus on the role supervision organization and group performance When group is successful they are rewarded When they fail they are reprimanded or punished H Relationship transformational Focus upon the connections between leaders and followers Leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Leader wants each person to fulfill their potential Leaders have high ethical and moral standards II Leadership Styles A Autocratic Unidirectional directs orders participants to do various tasks and does Not accept input from the group members Determines all decisions for the group Group members can form feelings of hostility and aggression Perceived as negative but can be appropriate B Democratic Leader and the group share in decision making Leaders share the reasoning behind decisions Trusting relationship between the leader and group members Takes more time than other approaches C Laissez faire Let it be Leader tends to shy away form the group and decision making responsibilities avoiding the leadership role and associated task May result in low group morale III Service Sectors A Public Organizations formed through legislation at the municipal state provincial and federal levels dedicated to providing services to citizens at these levels Receive money from taxes Formed through legislation Community welfare improving quality of life service to public enriched community life protection conservation of environment B Non profit The US term for a sector with nongovernmental and noncommercial organizations that are formally constituted for the public benefit Social welfare benefits to members in terms of enriched living community building character building and citizenship Break on federal taxes property taxes and state taxes C Commercial Sector with legally recognized businesses established for the purpose of generating a profit Sole proprietorship business owned by single individual o Financially responsible o Retains all decision making Partnership two or more people as co owners o Unlimited liability o Limited liability Corporations business that has been established as a separate legal and taxed entity from its owners o Fictional legal persons o Same rights as a person o Owners are called shareholders o Stock sales capital