SPH –R 311 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Introducing Management A. Working Today B. Organizations in the New WorkplaceC. Managers in the New WorkplaceD. The Management ProcessE. Learning How to ManageII. Management Learning Past to Present A. Classical Management ApproachesB. Behavioral Management Approaches C. Modern Management Foundations III. 10 Things Only Bad Managers SayOutline of Current Lecture I. Leadership Theories A. Trait TheoriesB. Attribution Theories C. Behavioral Theories D. ContingencyE. SituationalF. ParticipativeG. TransactionalH. Relationship or transformationalII. Leadership StylesA. AutocraticB. Democratic C. Laissez-faire III. Service Sectors A. PublicB. Non-profitC. CommercialCurrent LectureI. Leadership Theories A. Trait theories - Leadership is a function of an individual’s characteristics or traits - Great Man theory of leadership: explained leadership by focusing on the greatness of the leader: male, perceived as virtuous, magnanimous, famous, born with the characteristics - Different trait theories depending on the culture - Trait profile of a leader is possible but there is limited scientific support B. Attribution theory - Explains leadership through the belief that leadership is attributes to one who looks and acts like a leader- To how people tend to attribute good leadership to a leader of a group that has done something well regardless of the leaders actual impact- Attributions are judgments or evaluations of another person- May be based on fact, perceptions, feelings, stereotypesC. Behavioral theory- Encompasses those ideas that explain leadership on the basis of behaviors exhibited by the leader- An effective leader will manifest certain leadership behaviors at a particular time - Act as a leader to be perceived as one- Four primary leader tasks; making decisions, influencing people, building relationships and giving seeking information D. Contingency Theory- Explained leadership in terms of an individual’s style of leadership and the response of the group they are leading- Leadership effectiveness is contingent upon appropriateness of the leader’s style to the task- Success depends upon a number of variables including the relationship between the leader and the group, the task structure and power of the leaderE. Situational theory- Takes into account the leader, the followers and the situation and explain leadership as emerging based on the situation - Person emerges as the leader when a certain situation arises that draws them out - Leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables- Three factors affect the leader’s decision1. The situation2. The capability of the followers3. The capability of the leaderF. Participative- Taking input of others into account while leading and encouraging participation and contributions from group membersG. Transactional- Focus on the role supervision, organization and group performance- When group is successful, they are rewarded- When they fail, they are reprimanded or punishedH. Relationship/transformational- Focus upon the connections between leaders and followers- Leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task - Leader wants each person to fulfill their potential - Leaders have high ethical and moral standards II. Leadership StylesA. Autocratic - Unidirectional, directs, orders participants to do various tasks and does- Not accept input from the group members- Determines all decisions for the group- Group members can form feelings of hostility and aggression- Perceived as negative but can be appropriate B. Democratic- Leader and the group share in decision making - Leaders share the reasoning behind decisions- Trusting relationship between the leader and group members- Takes more time than other approachesC. Laissez-faire - “Let it be”- Leader tends to shy away form the group and decision making responsibilities, avoiding the leadership role and associated task- May result in low group moraleIII. Service Sectors A. Public - Organizations formed through legislation at the municipal, state/provincial, and federal levels dedicated to providing services to citizens at these levels - Receive money from taxes- Formed through legislation- Community welfare, improving quality of life, service to public, enriched community life, protection/conservation of environment B. Non-profit - The US term for a sector with nongovernmental and noncommercial organizations that are formally constituted for the public benefit - Social welfare, benefits to members in terms of enriched living, community building, character building and citizenship- Break on federal taxes, property taxes and state taxesC. Commercial - Sector with legally recognized businesses established for the purpose of generating a profit - Sole proprietorship—business owned by single individualo Financially responsibleo Retains all decision making - Partnership—two or more people as co-owners o Unlimited liability o Limited liability - Corporations—business that has been established as a separate legal and taxed entity from its ownerso Fictional, legal personso Same rights as a persono Owners are called shareholderso Stock sales=