ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I Ration Formulation Feeding Standards and Nutrient Availability of Feeds Outline of Current Lecture II Different Effects on Cattle Feed Intake III Steps to Formulate a Diet a Formulate a Ration b Residual Feed Intake IV Comparative Nutrition Review Current Lecture Different Effects on Cattle Feed Intake Key factors between ruminants and pigs diet quality is hugely variable in ruminants influenced by concentration of energy as fat increases feed intake decreases Energy density has a nonlinear effect on consumption low quality forage is less digestible lowering feed intake moderate quality forage has less fiber more digestible higher rate of passage and increased consumption As more and more grain is added into a diet consumption starts to decrease because the energy density is high enough that more feed is not required Breed type feed intake differences are so minor that they are not even accounted for in rations exception is dairy breeds Holsteins will always consume more than any other breed at the same weight Implanted vs Nonimplanted Cattle When cattle have an implant feed efficiency increases by 10 18 lowering NEg Feed consumption also increases by 6 with the lower NEg the increased consumption still helps the cattle s ADG increase Monensin ionophore feed additive to reduce methane production Does not affect growth at all but lowers feed intake making cattle more efficient Processed Forage and Grain processing forage decreases digestibility processing grain increases digestibility These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Effects of Temperature when temperature rises above an animal s thermal neutral zone TNZ feed intake decreases when temp drops below TNZ feed intake increases Mild and severe mud both cause drops in feed intake as well Effects Put Into a Table Factors Impacting Feed Intake Lower Feed Intake Increase Feed Intake in Cattle Body Weight BW Lower BW Higher BW Environment Heat TNZ Cold TNZ Ration Grain energy Level Low grain medium grain high grain Fiber Content of Forage High fiber forage low fiber forage Empty Body Fat EBF Increase EBF Decrease EBF Breedtype Lower of Holstein Genetics Raise of Holstein Genetics Anabolic Growth Implants Non implanted Cattle Implanted Cattle Ionophores Feed Additives Monensin No Monensin Process Forages Non processed Processed pelleted Process Grains Processed steam flaked Non processed Steps to Formulate a Diet I Determine Nutrient Requirement II Derive a list of available feedstuffs III Mix and match feeds to meet the nutrient demands IV Check for palatability mixing handling constraints V Check economics i e least cost VI Check intake of animal Methods of Formulating a Ration Linear Programming Algorithms mathematical technique to find the optimal allocation of resources to meet a specific objective function Least Cost Ration Formulation uses a linear programming algorithm to find the least cost Commercial Software Programs Agri Data Dalex etc Residual Feed Intake measures variations in feed intake to support maintenance and growth difference between actual feed intake and expected feed intake based on size and growth rate negative RFI means animal eats less than expected positive RFI means animal eats more than expected doesn t account for breed differences in intake except Holstein Comparative Animal Nutrition Review Fiber CHO Nutrient GIT site Pig Horse Cow Fiber CHO Monosaccharides 5 and 6 Carbon sugar molecules with glycosidic bonds and digests them using fermentation only Stomach No digestion No digestion A lot of fermentation by microbes in rumen turn to VFAs absorb passively through rumen wall Small Intestine No digestion No digestion No digestion Large Limited Fermentation A lot of fermentation Limited fermentation Intestine Cecum of sugar to VFAs of sugar to VFA of sugar to VFAs absorbed through passive diffusion for absorbed through passive diffusion absorption passive diffusion Starch CHO Nutrient GIT site Starch CHO Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Cecum Pig Horse Cow Monosaccharides 5 and 6 Carbon sugar molecules with glycosidic bonds enzymatic and fermentative digestion No enzymatic No enzymatic A lot of fermentation digestion digestion of sugar to VFA absorbed through passive diffusion A lot of enzymatic A lot of enzymatic Limited enzymatic digestion of sugar digestion of sugar digestion of sugar absorbed through absorbed through active transport lumen wall by active lumen wall by active through lumen wall transport transport Limited fermentation Limited fermentation Limited fermentation to VFA passive to VFA passive to VFA passive diffusion diffusion diffusion Lipids Nutrient GIT site Lipid Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Cecum Protein Nutrient GIT site Protein Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Cecum Pig Horse Cow LCFAs linked by ester bonds to glycerol enzymatic and fermentative digestion No digestion No digestion A lot of Fermentation of LCFA and glycerol glycerol to VFA biohydrogenation of unsaturated LCFA to saturated LCFA A lot of enzymatic A lot of enzymatic Limited enzymatic digestion of LCFA and digestion of LCFA and digestion of LCFA and glycerol absorption glycerol absorption glycerol absorption from lumen of SI from lumen of SI from lumen of SI Limited fermentation Limited fermentation Limited fermentation Pig Horse Cow Amino acids AA linked by peptide bonds enzymatic and fermentative digestion No digestion No digestion A lot of fermentation of DIP to NH3 and NH3 to microbial protein MP A lot of enzymatic A lot of enzymatic A lot of enzymatic digestion of dietary digestion of dietary digestion of UIP and protein to AA active protein to AA active MP to AA active transport of AA from transport of AA from transport from lumen lumen of SI lumen of SI of SI Limited fermentation Limited fermentation Limited fermentation no value derived no value derived no value derived