CAS LX 522 Syntax ITypology of verb/aux raisingIrishSlide 4SVO to VSOFrench vs. IrishParametric differencesdo-supportSlide 9Technical difficultiesSlide 11Slide 12PTRPat did not call ChrisSlide 15Pat never called ChrisHistorical interludeSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22The VP-Internal Subject HypothesisSlide 24Slide 25Back to the presentAll the students will take the examSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32The students will all take the examExpletive constructionsSlide 35CaseNom caseAcc caseNotes on caseSlide 40Subject-verb agreementSlide 42Slide 43Slide 44She likes themSlide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Episode 7a. Episode 7a. DoDo-support -support (really), then subjects, (really), then subjects, agreement, and caseagreement, and case5.5;6.1-6.35.5;6.1-6.3CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax ITypology of verb/aux Typology of verb/aux raisingraisingInterestingly, there Interestingly, there don’t seem to be don’t seem to be languages that raise languages that raise main verbs but not main verbs but not auxiliaries.auxiliaries.This double-binary This double-binary distinction predicts distinction predicts there would be.there would be.It overgenerates a It overgenerates a bit.bit.This is a pattern that This is a pattern that we would like to we would like to explain someday, explain someday, another mystery about another mystery about Aux to file away.Aux to file away.Sorry, we won’t have Sorry, we won’t have any satisfying any satisfying explanation for this explanation for this gap this semester.gap this semester.T values [uInfl:] on AuxT values [uInfl:] on vEnglish Strong WeakFrench Strong StrongSwedish Weak WeakUnattestedWeak StrongIrishIrishIn Irish, the basic word order is VSO (other In Irish, the basic word order is VSO (other languages have this property too, e.g., Arabic)languages have this property too, e.g., Arabic)PhógPhóg Máire an lucharachán. Máire an lucharachán.kissed Mary the leprechaunkissed Mary the leprechaun‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’We distinguish SVO from SOV by supposing that We distinguish SVO from SOV by supposing that the head-complement order can vary from language the head-complement order can vary from language to language (heads precede complements in to language (heads precede complements in English, heads follow complements in Japanese).English, heads follow complements in Japanese).We may also be able to distinguish other We may also be able to distinguish other languages (OVS, VOS) by a parameter of specifier languages (OVS, VOS) by a parameter of specifier order.order.But But nono combination of these two parameters can combination of these two parameters can give us VSO.give us VSO.IrishIrishBut look at auxiliary verbs in Irish:But look at auxiliary verbs in Irish:TáTá Máire ag- Máire ag-pógáilpógáil an lucharachán. an lucharachán.Is Mary ing-kiss the leprechaunIs Mary ing-kiss the leprechaun‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’We find that if an We find that if an auxiliaryauxiliary occupies occupies the verb slot at the beginning of the the verb slot at the beginning of the sentence, the main verb appears between sentence, the main verb appears between the subject and verb:the subject and verb:Aux S V OAux S V O..What does this suggest aboutWhat does this suggest aboutThe head-parameter setting in Irish?The head-parameter setting in Irish?How VSO order arises?How VSO order arises?SVO to VSOSVO to VSOIrish appears to be essentially an SVO Irish appears to be essentially an SVO language, like French.language, like French.Verbs and auxiliaries raise past the Verbs and auxiliaries raise past the subject to yield VSO.subject to yield VSO.We can analyze the Irish pattern as being We can analyze the Irish pattern as being minimally different from our existing minimally different from our existing analysis of French— just one difference, analysis of French— just one difference, which we hypothesize is another which we hypothesize is another parametric difference between languages.parametric difference between languages.V and Aux both raise to T (when tense V and Aux both raise to T (when tense values the [values the [uuInfl:] feature of either Infl:] feature of either one, [one, [uuInfl:] is strong) in Irish, just Infl:] is strong) in Irish, just as in French.as in French.vvFrench vs. IrishFrench vs. IrishRemember this step in the French derivation before?Remember this step in the French derivation before?I’ve omitted negation to make it simpler.I’ve omitted negation to make it simpler.What if we stopped here?What if we stopped here?In French it would crash (why?).In French it would crash (why?).But what if it didn’t crash in Irish?But what if it didn’t crash in Irish?What would have to be different?What would have to be different?NPMarco<V>VP<v>vvPPNPZinédinev[uInfl:pres*]vVdétesteTTTT [tense:pres, T, uN*, …]Parametric differencesParametric differencesWe could analyze Irish as being just like French We could analyze Irish as being just like French except without the strong [except without the strong [uuN*N*] feature on T.] feature on T.Without that feature, the subject doesn’t need to move Without that feature, the subject doesn’t need to move to SpecTP. The order would be VSO, or AuxSVO.to SpecTP. The order would be VSO, or AuxSVO.So, languages can vary in, at least:So, languages can vary in, at least:Head-complement orderHead-complement order(Head-specifier order)(Head-specifier order)Whether [Whether [uuInfl:] on Aux is strong or weak when valued Infl:] on Aux is strong or weak when valued by Tby TWhether [Whether [uuInfl:] on Infl:] on vv is strong or weak when valued by is strong or weak when valued by TTWhether T has a [Whether T has a [uuN*] feature or notN*] feature or notLater, when we look at German, we’ll suggest a different Later, when we look at German, we’ll suggest a different analysis of Irish, but this will work for now.analysis of Irish, but this will work for now.dodo-support-supportIn French, verbs move to In French, verbs move to TT..In English, they In English, they dodon’t move to n’t move to TT..That’s because in French, when [tense:past] values That’s because in French, when [tense:past] values [[uuInfl:Infl:] on ] on vv, it is