1Episode 6b. Head movement,feature strength, parametricvariation, and do-support5.4-5.5CAS LX 522Syntax IRecap: features! The lexicon contains bundles of features. Thesefeature bundles are assembled by acomputational process into syntactic structuresfor interpretation by the conceptual-intensionalan articulatory-perceptual systems.! Among these features, we have! Interpretable features (such as the category feature thatdetermines the category of the lexical item)! Uninterpretable features (such as the selectional feature[uN*] on a transitive verb). Uninterpretable features areintolerable at the interfaces, and must be removed (bychecking) or the derivation crashes.Recap: uninterpretable features! Uninterpretable features vary along twodimensions. Privative/unvalued ; strong/weak.! Privative features (such as [uN*]) which are checked bymatching features (such as [N] or [uN*]).! Unvalued features (such as [uInfl:]) which are checked byfeatures that can provide a value (such as [tense:past]).! Strong uninterpretable features can only be checked if theyare local (sister) to the feature that checks them.! Weak uninterpretable features can be “checked at adistance.”! Strong features can force movement, butbecause the system is economical (lazy), nomovement is allowed just to check a weakfeature.Recap: Matching and Checking! Checking relates an uninterpretable feature anda matching feature, allowing the uninterpretablefeature to be ignored at the interface.! If the uninterpretable feature is strong, thematching feature must be local (e.g., a feature ofthe sister) in order for the uninterpretable featureto be checked.! For [uV*] on v, it matches the [V] feature of the verb belowit, then the verb must move up to v to check [uV*].! For [uInfl:] on an auxiliary, the [tense:past] feature (aboveit) matches it and values it as strong (in English), then theauxiliary must move up to T for the feature to be checked.Recap: Agree! If:! X has feature [F1], Y has feature [F2]! X c-commands Y or Y c-commands X! [F1] and/or [F2] are/is uninterpretable.! [F1] matches [F2]! X and Y are close enough, meaning:! There is no closer matching feature between X and Y.! If [F1] or [F2] is strong, X and Y share the same mothernode! Then:! Any unvalued feature ([F1] or [F2]) is valued.! The uninterpretable feature(s) is/are checked.Recap: Merge! Merge: create a new syntactic object from twoexisting syntactic objects, with the label (features)projecting from one. Merge happens:! To check an uninterpretable feature: the label ofthe one with the uninterpretable feature projects.! Example: c-selection features, such as the [uN*] feature of P.! To satisfy the Hierarchy of Projections: the label ofthe higher one in the hierarchy projects and nofeatures are checked.! This only happens once all of the strong uninterpretablefeatures in the non-projecting object have been checked (andany adjunctions to be done have been done)2Recap: Adjoin, Agree, HoP! Adjoin (of an XP) is like Merge, but it does notresult in the checking of a feature.! Merge always takes priority over Adjoin, so Adjoin onlyhappens once the (strong) uninterpretable features ofthe object being adjoined to are checked.! Adjoining YP to XP results in another XP (the maximalprojection is extended), so YP becomes in essence both adaughter and a sister to XP.! Agree is the operation that checks (andvalues where appropriate) features under c-command.! Hierarchy of Projections:T > (Neg) > (M) > (Perf) > (Prog) > v > VRecap: Move! There are two basic kinds of movement.! One is head-movement, where a headmoves up to join with another head.! Examples: V moves to v, Perf moves to T! The other is XP-movement, where a maximalprojection moves up to a specifier of ahigher phrase.! Example: The subject moving to SpecTP.! Both happen because a stronguninterpretable feature needs to bechecked.Recap: UTAH! The Uniformity of Theta-assignmentHypothesis determines the !-role of anargument based on its position in thestructure.! NP daughter of vP: Agent (vAgent)! NP daughter of vP: Experiencer (vExperiencer)! NP daughter of VP: Theme! PP daughter of V": Goal! NP daughter of V": Possessee (a thing possessed)! TP sister of V: PropositionValuing [u Infl: ]! A concise statement of the things with[uInfl:] and the things that can value [uInfl:]:! (So far; there will be small revisions later…)! These have [uInfl: ] features:! v, M, Perf, Prog! [uInfl: ] features can be valued (via Agree) by:! Tense features (past, present) of T. -s or -ed.! Perf feature of Perf. -en.! Prog feature of Prog. -ing.! M feature of M. -Ø (silent)! Pat [past] ha-d be-en eat-ing lunch.Pat was eating lunch.! Pat [N, …]v [uN, uInfl:, …]be [Prog, uInfl:, …]eat [V, uN, …]lunch [N, …]T [T, tense:past, …]NPVPv"vP<Pat>lunchT[tense:past, T, uN*, …]T" [T, uN*, tense:past, …]TP<eat>NPPatv[uInfl:prog]+VeatingProg[Prog, uInfl:past]wasProgPWhat happens when V moves to v?! When V moves to v, they combine in away that we have been writing just asV+v. Let’s be more precise.! In fact, we assume that V head-adjoins(adjoins, head-to-head) to v. This is thesame sort of structure that Adjoin createsbetween maximal projections.! In the structure, the v head is replaced by thev head with V adjoined.! Adjunction does not change projectionlevels—v is still a minimal projection, stillthe head of vP. But it is a complex head(it’s a v with a V adjoined to it).VPNPv"eatvvV[uV*, …]<V>3What happens when V moves to v?! We should also consider what happens tothe VP from which the V moved.! It is still a VP, it must still have a head.! The features of the VP are the features of thehead (recall for example, that checking theuninterpretable feature on the head is the sameas checking the uninterpretable feature on theprojection of the head). The VP is still a VP, itshead is still a verb (with category feature [V]),and presumably all the rest of the features aswell.! We notate the original location of the Vby writing <V> (standing for the “trace”left behind by the original V).! But since <V> must still be a bundle offeatures, the same one that was therebefore movement, <V> is really justanother copy (or, well, the original) of theverb.VPNPv"eatvvV[uV*, …]<V>What happens when V moves to v?! Moral: “Head-movement” can beviewed as Copy+Adjoin.! A copy is made of V.! The copy of V is adjoined to v.! The original v is replaced by the syntacticobject formed by Adjoining the copy of Vto v.! If v has a [uV*]