CAS LX 522Syntax IWeek 9a.The DP(7.1-7.2)Determiners vs. adjectives•There are a number of things that can come before nouns in a noun phrase:1) fluffy bunny2) that bunny3) the bunny4) a bunny5) every bunny6) big fluffy bunny7) that fluffy bunny8) the fluffy bunny9) a fluffy bunny10) every fluffy bunny.11) *fluffy the bunny12) *that the bunny13) *a the bunny14) *every the bunny15) *fluffy every bunny16) *a every bunny17) *the every bunny18) *that every bunnyThere seem to be two classes, things like fluffy that can iterate, and things like the that must be first and must be unique.Determiners•The class that includes the, every, that, and so forth are called the determiners. They come in several subtypes, but they form a category, which we designate with the category feature [D].•Cf. the [V] feature of verbs, the [T] feature of T.•There can be only one D in a noun phrase,and it must come first.•Adjectives come after D and before N,and can iterate.Adjective iteration•We’ve seen the iteration property elsewhere (PP adjuncts, for example):1) Pat ate lunch on the hill by the tree in the rain.•Or adverbs (vP adjuncts):2) Pat deliberately completely ate the sandwich.•So, it makes sense to suppose that adjectives are also adjuncts. But to what?3) The big fluffy bunny.•Notice that if big and fluffy are adjoined to NP, it suggests that the must also be, if the whole thing is an NP. But then why can there be only one, and why must it be first?D vs. N•Also, notice that D doesn’t stand alone.•The feels incomplete. It needs a noun.•Student does not feel similarly incomplete.•Like (the prepositions) to, beside, or with feel incomplete, they also need something.•Or (the verbs) sink, kick, dance.•All of these are sort of “completed” by nouns. For P and V, we understand how: They select for a noun as their complement. (They have a [uN*] feature.)•So, maybe D is something like a P, selecting for a noun phrase complement…The students is a DP•Perhaps the students is not an NP, but rather a DP.•It’s head-initial, like English is everywhere else.•D selects for N ([uN*]), accounting for•the inability to “stand alone”•the inability to have more than one (it selects for N, not D)•the fact that it must come before adjectives (adjoined to NP)•Since D forces the Merge,it is D that projects.•The NP can be modified by(iterating) adjectives:big fluffy pink bunny.The students arrived•Ah, but there’s a problem.•Why is The students arrived grammatical?•Arrive is unaccusative, which we’ve formalized as a V with a single [uN*] feature and associated with a special “inert” v.•T also has a strong [uN*] feature (the EPP feature), bringing the subject to SpecTP.•How can either of those be satisfied?•If we suppose arrive has a [uD*] feature instead, why isn’t it *Students arrived the?•Are there two different versions of arrive, one for the students arrived, and one for students arrived?They were always DPs•We can bring a degree of order to this chaos if we shift our thinking about “noun phrases”:Those things we called “noun phrases” before were always actually DPs.•So, T doesn’t have a [uN*] feature—rather, it has a [uD*] feature.•Prepositions don’t have a [uN*] feature,they have a [uD*] feature.•No “version” of arrive has a [uN*] feature,it’s just the one arrive, but it has a [uD*] feature.•The basic form of a “noun phrase” is not students, but rather a student, the students. A determiner phrase.Students arrived•Having taken that step, we have (the specter at least) of the opposite problem:If arrive has a [uD*] feature and T has a [uD*] feature, how come Students arrived is grammatical? How are those features checked?•Stand firm, brave syntacticians.•We grit our teeth, and conclude what we must: Students in Students arrived is in fact a DP. It has a determiner, which heads the DP. That determiner just happens to be silent.[DP Ø students ] arrived•The silent D (null determiner) “shows up” with certain kinds of nouns, most notably the bare plurals (Ø books, Ø students) or mass nouns (Ø lunch) that we’ve mostly been using up until now.•There are no “bare singulars” in English: you can’t use Ø book or Ø student (as in *Ø student arrived). The null determiner seems to be incompatible with singular nouns— it shows a kind of number agreement. The related singular form would use the indefinite article a: A student arrived.There is still an NP•What we’re doing now suggests that all of those places in previous trees where we wrote “NP”, we should have written “DP” instead.•But there still is a category N, and there still are phrasal NPs, of course. We just find them in the complement of D, rather than on their own.•That is, “N comes with D.”•Hierarchy of Projections (relevant to nouns):D > NBut those were DPs•What we’re doing now suggests that all of those places in previous trees where we wrote “NP”, we should have written “DP” instead.Just to be clear on that point: When you draw structures for the very same sentences that we drew structures for in the past, those structures should now contain DPs, not just NPs. Keep that in mind as you review past handouts.one-replacement1) This book or that one2) This book or the one about cats•It appears that in English, the word one can replace something smaller than the DP (hence evidence for the DP having an NP inside it.)3) The big green book of poetry on the shelf4) This one on my desk5) This small one on my desk6) This small red one on my desk7) *This small red one of riddles on my deskProliferating PPs1) The book of poetry on my desk in the corner under the coffee2) The book of poetry in the corner on my desk under the coffee3) The book of poetry under the coffee in the corner on my desk4) *The book under the coffee of poetry in the corner on my desk•Any number of PPs can appear here, in any order,except of poetry seems to need to be first.one-replacement again1) This book of poetry on my desk2) *This book on my desk of poetry.3) *This book of poetry of riddles.4) That one on the floor.5) *That one of riddles on the floor.6) This book on my desk by the coffee.7) This book by the coffee on my desk.8) That one by the pencils.•What’s the pattern? Whence the pattern?•Of the PP’s, one kind (of poetry) seems to have to come first.•There cannot be more than one of the of poetry type PPs.•One