CAS LX 522 Syntax ISmall clausesSmall clauses vs. infinitival complementsTo be or not to beSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7ECMSlide 9Passives againSlide 11And, speaking of dolphins…Slide 13Giving trees to ditransitivesSlide 16Slide 17Problems continue…Slide 19Some clues from idiomsIdioms in ditransitivesSo V and PP are sisters…Where’s the V? Where’s the OBJ?Slide 24Slide 25Sending a letter to Billlittle v…Unaccusatives vs. unergativesLast week’s tree for “Bill fell”VP shellsSlide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Avoiding redundancyBill ate the sandwichBill lied.Bill lied?Radford rolling the ball down the hillSlide 40Slide 41Slide 42UTAH?UTAH…Giving Mary a bookSlide 46Week 10b. VP shellsWeek 10b. VP shellsCAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax ISmall clausesSmall clausesLast time we talked about “small clauses” like:Last time we talked about “small clauses” like:I find [Bill intolerable].I find [Bill intolerable].I consider [Bill incompetent].I consider [Bill incompetent].I want [Bill off this ship]. (Immediately!)I want [Bill off this ship]. (Immediately!)Let’s talk about a few more aspects of small Let’s talk about a few more aspects of small clauses and infinitival complements that might clauses and infinitival complements that might make the discussion more convincing.make the discussion more convincing.Small clauses vs.Small clauses vs.infinitival complementsinfinitival complementsAll of the small clause examples from last time seem to All of the small clause examples from last time seem to be able to be paraphrased as examples with infinitival (be able to be paraphrased as examples with infinitival (to to bebe) complements as well.) complements as well.I find [I find [APAP Bill intolerable]. Bill intolerable].I find [I find [IPIP Bill to be intolerable]. Bill to be intolerable].So, we might wonder if small clauses are really just So, we might wonder if small clauses are really just infinitival complements with a “silent” infinitival complements with a “silent” to beto be..To be or not to beTo be or not to beSuggestive against the idea that small clauses are Suggestive against the idea that small clauses are really camouflaged IPs, it turns out that there’s a really camouflaged IPs, it turns out that there’s a difference in meaning between the “small difference in meaning between the “small clauses” and “infinitival complements”.clauses” and “infinitival complements”.I found the table to be three-legged.I found the table to be three-legged.I found the table three-legged.I found the table three-legged.I found him to be 6-feet tall.I found him to be 6-feet tall.I found him 6-feet tall.I found him 6-feet tall.I found her to be amused by cartoons.I found her to be amused by cartoons.I found her amused by cartoons.I found her amused by cartoons.To be or not to beTo be or not to beI found the chair comfortable.I found the chair comfortable.I found the table three-legged.I found the table three-legged.The semantic distinction is The semantic distinction is veryvery subtle, but subtle, but it feels like it feels like I found DP API found DP AP means that the means that the only evidence for only evidence for DPDP being being APAP is a is a subjective judgment, not independently subjective judgment, not independently determinable. Still, there is a difference.determinable. Still, there is a difference.Small clausesSmall clausesAlso, not all small clauses are of this sort, Also, not all small clauses are of this sort, though. Consider:though. Consider:I saw [him fall].I saw [him fall].I saw [them upset].I saw [them upset].I saw [her in the garden].I saw [her in the garden].There’s no There’s no to be to be missing in any of these.missing in any of these.Small clausesSmall clausesSo, So, I saw her in the gardenI saw her in the garden would look like this.would look like this.VVVPIIDPPPPDPinhertjsee[past]DPPIPDPjIthe gardenECMECMBill finds me to be Bill finds me to be intolerable.intolerable.VVVPIIDPIIPDPimetjfind[pres]ItiIPDPjBillAAPVPVDPbeintolerabletoECMECMBill wants for me to Bill wants for me to eat cake.eat cake.VVVPIIDPIIPDPimetjwant[pres]IcakeIPDPjBillVVVPDPDPtieattoCCPforPassives againPassives againAnother thing that argues in Another thing that argues in favor of the “ECM” analysis of favor of the “ECM” analysis of how embedded subjects of how embedded subjects of small clauses and infinitival small clauses and infinitival subjects check Case features:subjects check Case features:Recall how the active sentence Recall how the active sentence Bill ate the sandwichBill ate the sandwich relates to relates to the passive sentence the passive sentence The The sandwich was eatensandwich was eaten..DPthesandwichVeatVPI[past]IIPDPBillPassives againPassives againThe sandwich was eaten.The sandwich was eaten.In the passive, the verb has In the passive, the verb has had its external had its external -role -role removed (and with it, the removed (and with it, the ability to check objective ability to check objective Case), so the Theme Case), so the Theme argument moves into SpecIP, argument moves into SpecIP, satisfying the EPP (and satisfying the EPP (and checking Case).checking Case).DPjthesandwichVeatenVPVi+IwasIVtiVPIPDPtjAnd, speaking And, speaking of dolphins…of dolphins…I consider them to I consider them to be intelligent.be intelligent.Consider Consider assigns two assigns two -roles, the external -roles, the external Experiencer Experiencer -role, -role, and the internal and the internal Proposition Proposition -role.-role.I checks Nom Case I checks Nom Case with the subject, with the subject, considerconsider checks Obj checks Obj Case with Case with themthem..VVVPIIDPIIPDPithemtjconsider[pres]ItiIPDPjIAAPVPVDPbeintelligenttoAnd, speaking And, speaking of dolphins…of dolphins…They are considered They are considered to be intelligent.to be intelligent.Passivizing Passivizing consider consider removes the external removes the external Experiencer Experiencer -role, -role, and the ability to and the ability to check Obj Case.check Obj Case.VVPVPVj+IIVIIPDPtitjconsideredareItiIPDPjtheyAAPVPVDPbeintelligentto Giving trees to ditransitivesGiving trees
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