BU LX 522 - Episode 5b. Head movement and the strength of features 5.4
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CAS LX 522 Syntax IMerge, Adjoin, and …move?MoveForced movement (eviction?)Agree and checking under sisterhoodA more general AgreeStrong featuresSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Comments on AgreeWhat happens when V moves to v?Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16A note on node labelsMovement of the subjectAuxiliaries moving to TSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22French vs. EnglishSlide 24V raises to T in FrenchJean (n’) appelle pas MarieSlide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30SwedishTypology of verb/aux raisingIrishSlide 34SVO to VSOFrench vs. IrishParametric differencesEpisode 5b. Head movementEpisode 5b. Head movementand the strength of featuresand the strength of features5.45.4CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax IMerge, Adjoin, and …Merge, Adjoin, and …move?move?The method by which we arrive at The method by which we arrive at structures for sentences is…structures for sentences is…Take some lexical items (a “numeration” or Take some lexical items (a “numeration” or “lexical array”)“lexical array”)Combine any two of them (Merge) to make a Combine any two of them (Merge) to make a new item.new item.Lexical items can have uninterpretable features. Lexical items can have uninterpretable features. Merge can check these features. All of the Merge can check these features. All of the uninterpretable features must be checked by the end uninterpretable features must be checked by the end of the derivation.of the derivation.Attach one to another (Adjoin).Attach one to another (Adjoin).Adjoin does not check features.Adjoin does not check features.Move stuff around.Move stuff around.What can you do? What What can you do? What can’t can’t you do? Does it check you do? Does it check features? Why do you do it? What’s really features? Why do you do it? What’s really happening?happening?MoveMoveThere are two basic kinds of movement. There are two basic kinds of movement. We’ve seen examples of each.We’ve seen examples of each.One is One is head-movementhead-movement, where a head moves , where a head moves up to join with another head.up to join with another head.Examples: V moves to Examples: V moves to vv, {Perf/Prog/M} moves to , {Perf/Prog/M} moves to TTThe other is The other is XP-movementXP-movement, where a maximal , where a maximal projection (an XP) moves up to a specifier projection (an XP) moves up to a specifier of a higher phrase.of a higher phrase.Example: The subject moving to SpecTP.Example: The subject moving to SpecTP.Forced movement Forced movement (eviction?)(eviction?)We will assume that, like with Merge, Move We will assume that, like with Merge, Move occurs to “solve a problem.”occurs to “solve a problem.”And the main problem our system has is unchecked And the main problem our system has is unchecked uninterpretable features.uninterpretable features.So, Move must check features.So, Move must check features.We have two ways to check features so far. We have two ways to check features so far. One of them is under sisterhood (Merge). The One of them is under sisterhood (Merge). The other is “at a distance” (Agree).other is “at a distance” (Agree).The [The [uuN] feature of P, checked by Merging P and an NP.N] feature of P, checked by Merging P and an NP.The [The [uuInfl:] feature of Infl:] feature of vv, valued by the [tense] feature , valued by the [tense] feature of T.of T.What kind of problem could Move solve?What kind of problem could Move solve?Well, for one thing, it must not be able to solve the Well, for one thing, it must not be able to solve the problem in place, without moving. Seems to need problem in place, without moving. Seems to need “closeness.”“closeness.”Agree and checking Agree and checking under sisterhoodunder sisterhoodFeature-checking (first version): c-selectionFeature-checking (first version): c-selectionIf X[F] and Y[If X[F] and Y[uuF] are sisters,F] are sisters,the [the [uuF] feature of Y is checked: Y[F] feature of Y is checked: Y[uuF]F]..P has a [P has a [uuN] feature. Merge it with an N(P), and the [N] feature. Merge it with an N(P), and the [uuN] N] feature of P is checked.feature of P is checked.Feature-checking (second version): inflectionFeature-checking (second version): inflectionIf X[F:val] c-commands Y[If X[F:val] c-commands Y[uuF:],F:],the [the [uuF:] feature of Y is valued and checked: F:] feature of Y is valued and checked: Y[Y[uuF:val].F:val].T has a [tense:past] feature.T has a [tense:past] feature.Strictly speaking [tense:past] doesn’t look like it’s a Strictly speaking [tense:past] doesn’t look like it’s a valued [Infl] feature. We need to valued [Infl] feature. We need to stipulatestipulate in addition a in addition a list of things that can value [Infl] features.list of things that can value [Infl] features.A more general AgreeA more general AgreeAgree requires:Agree requires:An uninterpretable featureAn uninterpretable featureA matching featureA matching featureLine of sight (c-command)Line of sight (c-command)And results in:And results in:Valuing of unvalued features.Valuing of unvalued features.Checking of the uninterpretable features.Checking of the uninterpretable features.Our first version of checking (sisterhood) Our first version of checking (sisterhood) is a special case of this more general is a special case of this more general conception of Agree.conception of Agree.Except that we Except that we dodo want the [ want the [uuN] feature of P to be N] feature of P to be checked by directly Merging P and an NP—not “at a checked by directly Merging P and an NP—not “at a distance” like agreement.distance” like agreement.Strong featuresStrong featuresIn order to check the [In order to check the [uuN] feature of P N] feature of P onlyonly through Merge (sisterhood), we will through Merge (sisterhood), we will define a special kind of uninterpretable define a special kind of uninterpretable feature: the feature: the strongstrong feature. feature.A strong feature can only be checked when A strong feature can only be checked when the matching feature is on an element the matching feature is on an element that shares the same mother node.that shares the same mother node.We will write strong features with a *:We will write strong features with a *:P [P, P [P, uuN*]N*]C-selection features are strong.C-selection features are strong.A more general


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BU LX 522 - Episode 5b. Head movement and the strength of features 5.4

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