Installment 11a. Loose endsabout A-movement(Chapter 8)CAS LX 522Syntax IProjects for today Review PRO and control, with someadditional evidence for PRO from BindingTheory. Look at one other place where CPs appearinside other sentences: clausal adjuncts. Look at the phenomenon of “V2”languages. Look at the structure of predicates like behappy (familiar from the homework).Unique θ-Generalization *Dantes accused. This cannot mean Dantes accused himself, andisn’t good on its own. We concluded (back inchapter 3, p. 81), that θ-role assignment isconstrained by…. The Unique θ-GeneralizationEach θ-role must be assigned but a constituentcannot be assigned more than one θ-role. So, presume that’s true.PRO Jack tried to capture Nina Here, capture has two θ-roles (Agent and Theme), andtry has two θ-roles (Agent and Proposition).Intuitively, Jack is the Agent of both the trying and thecapturing. But assuming that the Unique θ-Generalization is true, this can’t be:Jack can’t be getting two θ-roles. Something must be getting the Agent θ-role of capture(Jack is pretty clearly getting the Agent θ-role of try),but we can’t see it. Conclusion: There’s something we can’t see there,getting the Agent θ-role of capture. It’s a little bit like asilent pronoun, so we call it PRO.PRO Jack tried [ to PRO capture Nina ] PRO must be there to satisfy the UθG. But something must be there in the specifier of TP:T always (except maybe in Irish and Arabic) has a[uD*] feature to check (the “EPP”). Since Jack tried to capture Nina is grammatical, wealso need PRO to move to SpecTP to satisfy theEPP.PRO Jack tried [ PRO to <PRO> capture Nina ] So, we have two deep principles of the grammarthat point to a need for PRO in this sentence. Unique θ-Generalization EPP (T has a [uD*] feature) PRO acts a bit like an anaphor, in that it mustcorefer with the subject of the higher verb (try isa subject control verb).PRO Here’s one last argument for PRO being there. Jack hoped [ PRO to see Kim ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would be safe ] *Jack hoped [ that Kim would find himself ] Jack hoped [ that Kim would exonerate herself ] Principle A: An anaphor must be bound in its bindingdomain. Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate himself ] Jack hoped [ that Chase would exonerate him ] Principle B: A pronoun must be free in its bindingdomain. Jack hoped [ PRO to exonerate him ]PRO So, we have pretty good evidence for PRO,despite its invisibility: We believe T has a [uD*] feature (EPP). Every TP needs a specifier. We believe the Unique θ-generalization. No DP can get two different θ-roles. Binding Theory reacts as if something is thereserving as a binder.Subject control v. object control Subject control verbs take a nonfinitecomplement, with PRO as the subject, and PROmust refer to the higher subject. Gael tried [ PRO to disarm the bomb ] Object control verbs are ditransitives that takean object and a nonfinite complement, with PROas the subject, and PRO must refer to the higherobject. David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ]Persuasion and promises Not all ditransitive control verbs are object controlverbs. Though all object control verbs are ditransitives. David persuaded Sherry [ PRO to leave ] David promised Sherry [ PRO to run for office ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to be allowed to continue ] Chase asked Jack [ PRO to get off his case ] Whether a verb is a subject control verb or an objectcontrol verb is an individual property of the verb.Promise is recorded in our lexicon as a subject controlverb, persuade as an object control verb.ECM verbs ECM verbs also take infinitive complements, butwith an overt subject (that checks accusative casewith the ECM verb). Tony found [ Michelle to be charming ] Tony found [ that Michelle was charming ] Jack expected [ Tony to take the day off ] Jack expected [ that Tony would take the day off ]Raising verbs Raising verbs have no Agent/Experiencer inSpecvP, and take a nonfinite complement. Thesubject of the embedded complement movesinto their subject position: Jack seems [ <Jack> to be tired ] It seems [ that Jack is tired ] The time appears [ <the time> to have expired ] It appears [ that the time has expired ] The President happened [ <the P.> to have a pen ] It happened [ that the President had a pen ]Verb classes, again ECM verbs, e.g., believe, find I believe [TP him to have told the truth]. We find [TP these truths to be self-evident ]. (or hold) Subject control verbs, e.g., attempt, promise Kimk promised Jack [CP ØNULL PROk to avoid kidnappers ]. Kimk will try [CP ØNULL PROk to avoid kidnappers ]. Object control verbs, e.g., convince, ask I convinced herk [CP ØNULL PROk to drive to work]. Jack asked Kimk [CP ØNULL PROk to avoid kidnappers ]. Raising verbs, e.g., appear, seem I appear [TP <I> to have missed the bus]. Jack seems [TP <Jack> to need a nap].Before we finishembedded clauses… Another place we find embedded clauses is asmodificational adjuncts. Pat ate lunch [PP on the hill ][PP by the tree ] [PP in the rain ]. To express reasons and times, we also find wholeCPs adjoined to our clause: We discussed adjuncts [CP before we finished ourdiscussion of embedded clauses] There’s nothing really new here, except the observationthat before can have category C. Just like after, while, during, etc.Adjunct clauses:where do they go? Pat cleaned poorly yesterday. #Pat cleaned yesterday poorly. Pat cleaned poorly [before Chris arrived]. #Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] poorly. Pat cleaned [before Chris arrived] yesterday. Pat cleaned yesterday [before Chris arrived]. Pat heard that [before Chris arrived][Tracy cleaned the sink]. Pat heard [before Chris arrived] that[Tracy cleaned the sink].Because clauses Reason clausesare also clausaladjuncts. Because I lost thegame, I left. I left because I lostthe game.vPlose the gameT′T[past]TPDPICPCbecausevPleaveT′T[past]TPDPITPCPCØIf clauses If clauses are likebecause clauses. If he loses the game,I will leave. I will leave if heloses the game.vPlose the gameT′T[pres]TPDPheCPCifvPleaveT′TwillTPDPITPCPCØV2 languages There are a number of languages that are classified as“verb second” or “V2” languages. They are so calledbecause in