ANSC 318 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Structure Classifications Terminology and Digestion Processes for Lipids and Protein Outline of Current Lecture II Protein a Review Ruminant Digestion Process b Digestion Process in Hindgut Fermenters c Comparative Nutrition III Minerals a Overview and Concentrations b Functions IV Vitamins a Overview b Classifications and Attributes c Deficiency Examples d Comparative Digestion V Analysis of Feedstuffs a Importance of Feedstuffs Evaluation b Factors Affecting the Nutrient Concentrations of Feeds Current Lecture Protein Ruminant Digestion of Proteins NPN and Protein enter the rumen NPN is broken down into ammonia ammonia is then converted to microbial protein MP excess ammonia is absorbed across the rumen wall Protein is split into Degraded Protein DIP and Undegraded Protein UIP DIP is made into ammonia and then MP UIP and MP then enter the small intestine and are converted to amino acids AAs are a product of enzymatic digestion and are absorbed through the small intestine through active transport which does require energy Hindgut Fermenter Digestion of Protein in the small intestine enzymatic digestion converts protein to AAs AAs absorbed through small intestine by active transport Fermentative digestion takes place in the large intestine and cecum These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute protein AA ammonia NH4 MP MP is not digested or utilized it will just be excreted in feces Comparative Nutrition Nutrient GIT Site Pig Protein AAs are linked by peptide bonds enzymatic and fermentative digestion Stomach No enzymatic digestion Horse See pig Cow See pig No enzymatic digestion A lot of fermentative digestion to AA and NH3 conversion of NH3 to MP A lot of enzymatic digestion of MP and UIP to AA active transport of AA from lumen of small intestine Limited fermentation no value Small Intestine A lot of enzymatic digestion to AA active transport of AA from lumen of small intestine A lot of enzymatic digestion to AA active transport of AA from lumen of small intestine Large Intestine Cecum Limited fermentation no value derived Limited fermentation no value Test Question What are the key differences and similarities between how protein is digested in horse compared to cattle Minerals I Minerals any element other than C H O and N II Macrominerals needed in diet in large amounts dietary concentrations expressed as percent g per kg feed a Calcium phosphorous sodium chlorine potassium magnesium and sulfur III Microminerals Trace Minerals needed in diet in small amounts dietary concentrations expressed as mg per kg of feed a Iron copper nickel iodine cobalt etc IV Concentrations a Calcium has the highest concentration 15 g kg b Phosphorous 10g kg Sodium 1 2g kg Iron 20 50 mg kg Cobalt 05 1 mg kg Functions to Support Animal Requirements Fertility Phosphorous copper zinc selenium and manganese Apetite magnesium potassium zinc and cobalt Nervous System magnesium phosphorous and copper Fetal Development copper zinc selenium and manganese Disease Resistance copper zinc and selenium Hair Coat copper zinc selenium Skin Hoof Health zinc Milk Production calcium phosphorous and magnesium Muscle Development Phosphorous sulfur zinc and selenium Bone Development calcium phosphorous magnesium manganese and copper Vitamins I Organic components of feed II Only in minutes amounts in feed III Essential for proper metabolic activities IV When absent from diet specific deficiency diseases occur V Animals cannot synthesize vitamins VI Vitamin requirements must be met by the diet or from microbial systems VII Most functions are coenzymes or cofactors Classifications Fat Soluble Vitamin A Retinol Vitamin D Cholecalciferol Vitamin E Tocopherol Vitamin K Phylloquinone Protein made of C H and O regulation of metabolism of structural unites i e protein Primarily found in feces Microbial synthesis of Vitamin K only Water Soluble Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin Pantothenic acid Pyridoxine Biotin Folic acid B 12 Cobablamin and Choline energy made of C H O and N S or Co regulation of the transfer of energy primarily found in urine all are microbial synthesized Deficiency Vitamin A cows start going blind and have watering eyes lambs bet sway back a bone development disease and have trouble with reproduction Biotin horses get easy to chip unhealthy feet pigs look weak have rougher hair and don t grow as much Comparative Nutrition Nutrient Pig Fiber CHO Limited fermentation in large intestine VFA Starch CHO Enzymatic in small intestine glucose some fermentation in large intestine VFA Protein Enzymatic in small intestine AA Horse Fermentation in large intestine VFA Cow Fermentation in rumen VFA Enzymatic in small intestine glucose some fermentation in large intestine VFA Enzymatic in small intestine AA Fermentation in rumen VFA some enzymatic in small intestine glucose Fermentation in rumen MP enzymatic in small intestine AA Fermentation in rumen some enzymatic in small intestine LCFA Supplied by rumen microbes Need to be supplied in diet Lipid Enzymatic in small intestine LCFA Enzymatic in small intestine LCFA B complex Vitamins Need to be supplied in diet Need to be supplied in diet Need to be supplied in diet Need to be supplied in diet Fat Soluble Vitamines A D and E Evaluation of Feedstuffs Purpose of Feed Evaluation I Provide rapid economical and accurate methods to evaluate feed quality a Needs to be rapid and economical because farmers do not have crops for an extensive amount of time before selling them II Measures of feed quality are not always definitive III Measures of feed quality will very according to animal species and physiological function of animal growth vs lactation Importance of Feedstuffs Evaluation I Diet Formulation a Improve prediction of animal performance b Improve accuracy of ration formulations to meet targeted performance of animals c Make sure feed does not have mostly water in it there is no point in wasting money II Economics a Establish more accurate estimate of feed s economic value b Nutrient variability of feeds Forages Grains Protein meals c Make sure feedstuffs are not toxic III Commerce a Texas Feed Fertilizer Control Service IV Environmental Impact a Nutrient analysis will be required to abide by EPA regulations b Key nutrients of concern are nitrogen and phosphorous Factors Affecting Nutrient Concentration in Feeds I