KIN 3304 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I Syllabus Outline of Current Lecture I The Cell II Cytoplasm III Cell Functions IV Membranous Organelles a Mitochondria b Nucleus c ER d Etc Current Lecture I The Cell a Plasmalemma separates cell contents from extracellular fluid b Cytosol intracellular fluid c Organelles intracellular structures d Anatomy of Cell look at Bart Photo II Cytoplasm a The general term for inside the cell b 2 Major Subdivision i Cytosol intracellular fluid dissolved nutrients ions proteins waste products ii Organelles intracellular structures with specific functions c Organelles i Found all over the body ii 2 Categories 1 Nonmembranous a Always in contact with cytosol 2 Membranous a Surrounded by membranes isolating contents from cytosol b E g Plasmalemma These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute iii Cilia 1 Anchored beneath cell surface 2 Exposed region completely covered by Plasmalemma 3 Function move fluids secretions across cell surface a 1 flagella b 2 cilia III Cell Functions a Plasmalemma i Lipid bilayer containing phospholipids proteins Cho carbohydrates steroids ii Isolates protects cell iii Regulates entrance and exit of materials b Cytosol i Fluid composition of cytoplasm ii Distributes materials via diffusion iii Stores glycogen etc c Non Membranous Organelles i Cytoskeleton Membrane extension w microfilaments 1 More SA More Absorption ii Microvilli membrane extensions 1 Movement of materials over cell surface iii Ribosomes RNA proteins 1 Protein synthesis 2 Function to assemble the 20 specific amino acid molecules to form particular protein sequence determined by RNA 3 Intracellular Functions a Manufacture protein from info by DNA of nucleus b 2 Major Types i Fixed and Free ribosomes iv Fixed Ribosomes 1 Bound to Rough ER 2 Usually produce proteins used within plasma membrane v Free Ribosomes 1 Scattered in cytoplasm 2 Excluded from nucleus and other organelles IV Membranous Organelles i Mitochondria ii Nucleus 1 Nuclear envelope nucleolus nuclear pore iii ER 1 Smooth rough ER iv Golgi Apparatus 1 Lysosomes peroxisomes v Mitochondria 1 Double membrane w inner folds cristae 2 Encloses metabolic enzymes 3 Powerhouse of cell a Produce 95 of ATP for cell 4 Double Membrane Organelle a Outer surrounds entire organelle b Inner contains folds cristae more SA to matrix fluid content of mitochondrion c Matrix has metabolic enzymes energy 5 Mitochondria enzymes produce 95 of ATP for cell 6 Mitochondria controls own growth reproduction etc 7 Dependent upon cells energy demand a RBCs no mitochondria here b Liver skeletal muscle lots here c Can markedly increase with training 8 5 Distinct Compartments a Outer mitochondrial membrane OM b Intermembrane Space IS c Inner mitochondrial membrane d Cristae space formed by inner membrane folds e Matrix 9 Outer Membrane OM a Encloses entire organelle b Many integral proteins porins i Allow for certain molecules to freely diffuse c Disruption of OM Cell Death i Intermembrane space leaks into cytosol 10 Intermembrane Space IS beach ball a Between outer inner membrane b Outer membrane freely permeable to small molecules i small molecules in the IS is the same as in the cytosol 1 concentration ii Large proteins have specific sequence to cross iii Protein composition different that cytosol 11 Inter Membrane Chuck Norris a No porins highly impermeable b Contains proteins with specific functions i Redox reactions of oxidative phosphorylation ii ATP synthesis generated in matrix iii Metabolite passage in out of matrix 1 Via specific transport protein iv Protein import machinery v Mitochondrial fusion and fission protein vi vii viii ix x xi xii xiii 12 Cristae a Inner Mitochondrial membrane compartmentalized into many cristae b Expand SA of inner membrane c More area more ATP produced d Skeletal muscle cells have more more ATP needed 13 Matrix a Enclosed by inner membrane b ATP produced c Lots of enzymes i Major functions oxidation of pyruvate fatty acids citric acid cycle Nucleus 1 Control center for cellular operation a Controls synthesis of 100 000 different proteins 2 Determines cell characteristics a Up or down regulates proteins amounts etc Nucleoplasm 1 Fluid contents of the nucleus a Ions enzymes DNA RNA nucleotids proteins b DNA strands form chromosomes chroma color c Tightly coiled DNA strands 46 chromosomes in human cells 2 Each chromosome contains DNA bound to Nucleosomes DNA strands bind around histones Dividing Cells tightly coiled chromosomes Non Dividing Cells loosely coiled chromosomes from fine filaments chromatin Nucleoplasm contains enzymes chromatin nucleoproteins nucleotides Surrounded by double membrane nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pore 1 Metabolic control are protein synthesis 2 Genetic processing information 3 Nucleolus contains DNA and RNA rRNA synthesis assembly of ribosomal subunits Nucleus 1 Most of cells genetic material here a Organized as multiple linear DNA molecules b With proteins histones from chromosomes c Genes within chromosomes cell nuclear genome xiv Function maintain integrity of these genes 1 Control cell activities via gene expression regulation xv Nuclear Genome 1 Organisms hereditary information 2 Encoded in DNA or RNA if you are a virus a Antigenic shift in influenza virus i H1N1 H3N2 etc 3 Genome sequencing use models genetic strains mapped using genome