PSCY 4600 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I A look at the main themes behind psychology II Basic overview of the course and the direction of the class Outline of Current Lecture I Psychology of the Ancients a Prominent figures an themes in the development of psychology II Early Greek Medicine a Alemaeon b Hippocates III Philosophical Thoughts of the Roman Period a Skepticism b Cynicism c Stoicism d Epicureanism Current Lecture o o psychology of the ancients Western civilization traced back to Greece Prominent figures and themes Thales there are natural explanations for the universe Considered 1st greek philosopher Used mathematics to predict solar eclipse Proposed the first natural explanation for the universe Believed water is the essence of all The search for knowledge brought on the Golden Age of Greece Pythagoras everything can be explained by math Known for the Pythagorean theorem Leader of a cult Preached philosophy and mathematics Equality of the sexes In order to break the chain of reincarnation Had to lead a life of science math Purify the soul Don t eat any meat Heraclitus everything is in flux perception is key These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Contemporary of Pythagoras Known as the riddler Logo reason Argued that chaos theory can be traced back to him Fire is the center of all things Parmenides reality is truth but sensory experience is opinion extreme rationalism Studies with pythagoras but didn t stick to the ideals Argued that this is no change that all things are one and never change Reality is the basis of truth while appearances are from the senses and are opinion Extreme rationalism or extreme use of reason Socrates question everything Used dialectic or logical argument to find truth Socratic method Truth cannot be taught it must be discovered Observer and skeptic Rationalist approach Killed himself with poison Plato how we know things rationalist Socrates pupil and successor 2 worlds Sensations opinions vs forms What we know through our senses vs universal known found through reason Between the 2 is imitation We see shadows of truth and education is the only way to see the true form In order to increase accuracy of knowledge use measurement and deductive reasoning Influenced later rationalist who argued for innate knowledge Aristotle how we know things experience blank slate Student of plato Tutor to alexander the great Empiricist Formalized logic forerunner of the scientific method Implemented syllogism or systematic deductive reasoning The Unmoved Mover To explain the changing world in which everything dies Assumed that existence of pure actuality that is above the world of dying things Posited the unmoved mover which is a being of actuality not impacted by change Thought of as an unconscious principle of change inherent in the universe Considered more scientifically than theologically Later philosophers equated the unmoved mover with God Christianity Scholars of the middle ages considered Aristotle to be divinely inspired making his writings the final authority on worldly matters Aristotle s monotheism and there was no need for scientific exploration Influence Intelligence believed that the mind is a blank slate at birth Studied the brain and thought the soul could not dwell there Touched on issues of memories Principles of association recall of one object will evoke a memory of a similar object First to recognize catharsis Tragic drama can purge negative emotions by identifying with the tragedy in life Plato vs Aristotle Plato Rationalist Truth through reason The material world as opinion Deductive reasoning Unwilling to modify his theories Aristotle Empiricist Perception is a way to truth and all concepts come from experience The material world as knowledge Used deductive and inductive reasoning Willing to modify his theories is observations showed them to be false Early greek medicine Before 500 BCE medicine practiced by priests of Asclepius god of medicine Treatment Secretive rituals Alcmaeon c 500 BCE Greek physician Dissected animal bodies Possibly the first recorded anatomist Rational nonmystical obervational Health balance Disease imbalance o o o Brain is the center of thought Hipocrates Alcemaeon s successor o Rejected mystery and supersition and thought brain was the organ of the mind Descsribed the symptoms of mental disorders Galen o Physicians and anatomist at Museum and Institute of Alexanderia Court physician to Roman emperor Lots of dissection and vivisection on animals Heavily influenced by hippocrates and found connections between behavior and temperament Philosophical thoughts of the Roman period Skepticism Formed by pyrrho Believed that 1 we can never be believe anything as definiae and 2 does not mean to disregard the rules and norms of society Cannot believe the rational basis for the rules Cynicism View society as full of hypocrisy greed and hatred Stoicism The world functions as part of a master plan and there is nothing to do but accept the plan through detachment and indifference Epicureanism Avoiding pain and seeking pleasure at all costs Find true pleasure n simplicity and moderation o o o o Humors Elements Air earth fire water Form 4 basic humors in the body Black bile melancholic Yellow bile choleric quick tempered Phlegm phlegmatic Blood sanguine Bloodletting restored balance