PSYC 4600 1st EditionExam # 2 StudyGuideNote: This is a basic list of topics to help you focus your study efforts; it is not an exhaustive list, nor it is intended to be a detailed explanatory document (see your class notes, lecture slides, and textbook for those).CHAPTER 4: THE NEW PSYCHOLOGY- Wilhelm Wundto Founding Father of Modern (Experimental) Psychologyo Established first laboratory – Leipzig, 1879o Edited first psychology journalo Began experimental psychology as a science- Why Wundt?o Founding = intentional and deliberate acto Wundt “sold” psychology as a science- Psychology’s subject matter (according to Wundt): Consciousnesso Voluntarismo Mediate experienceo Immediate experienceo Introspection- Wundt’s Method of Introspectiono Examination of one’s own mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts or feelingso Explicit rules and conditionso Highly trained observers- Elements of Conscious Experienceo Sensationso Feelingso Tridimensional theory of feeling- Organizing the Elements of Experienceo Apperception- Wundt’s Legacyo Began a new scienceo Still one of the most – if not the most – important psychologists who ever livedo History of psychology after Wundt consists of rebellion against the limitations he placed on the fieldOther Developments in German Psychology- Hermann Ebbinghauso Wundt: Can’t experiment on higher mental processeso Investigated learning and memory o Changed the way association (learning) is studiedo First venture into a truly psychological area (not part of physiology)o Research with Nonsense Syllableso Ebbinghaus forgetting curve- Franz Brentano - Act psychology- Carl Stumpf - Phenomenology- Oswald Külpeo Main difference with Wundt: Küple believed that higher thought processes could be studied experimentallyo Systematic experimental introspection - Külpe’s introspective methodChapter 5-Structuralism- Edward Bradford Titchener - Structuralismo Wundt’s self-appointed representative in the U.S. - Differences between Wundt and Titchenero Wundt Recognized the elements/contents of consciousness but was concerned with their organization  Believed the mind had the power to organize mental elements voluntarilyo Titchener  Focused on mental elements Discarded Wundt’s doctrine of apperception- Life as Titchener’s graduate student - asked to record feelings and sensations while participating in various experiments (be familiar with examples of these experiments)- Paradoxical stances with regard to women in the profession (be familiar with how he bothsupported and inhibited the professional development of women in psychology)o Women not allowed in the Titchener’s Experimentalists meetings because they were considered by Titchener to be “too pure to smoke.”- The content of conscious experienceo Titchener: Subject matter of psychology is conscious experience This is dependent on the person who is experiencing it.o Stimulus erroro Consciousness vs. mindo Titchener saw psychology as a pure science – no speculation on the practical worth of psychologists’ work- Titchener’s introspectiono Detailed, qualitative, subjective reports of his subjects’ mental activities during the act of introspectingo Observers trained to describe the elements of their conscious state rather than report the familiar nameo Similar to Külpe’s system: systematic experimental introspectiono Unlike Wundt, emphasized parts and not the whole- Elementary states of consciousnesso Sensationso Imageso Affective stateso An Outline of Psychology - listed more than 44,000 elemental qualities of conscious experienceo Mental elements are basic and irreducibleo Can be characterized by their quality, intensity, clearness, and duration- After Titchener’s death, structuralism did not last – very limited in scope- Criticisms of structuralismo Artificial and sterile for trying to analyze conscious processes down into elementso Limited concept of the field: Titchener regarded animal psychology and child psychology as not psychology at all- Contributions of Structuralismo Research methods: Based on observation, experimentation, and measurement More scientific approach to the method of introspectiono Catalyst for other schools of thought: Point of criticism, something to opposeChapter 6—Functionalism Antecedent Influences- Functionalism: How the mind functions and how it is used by organisms to adapt to the environment - Protest against Wundt’s and Titchener’s systemsCharles Darwin and evolution: Living things change with time - On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selectiono Stayed out of the public debate over evolution – Huxley his public defender o Fundamental points Natural selection of traits best suited for the environment Elimination of those not fit for the environment Variation is a law of heredity- Darwin’s Influence on Psychology [resonated with the times; zeitgeist]o Focus on animal psychology – animals more like humans than previously thoughto Emphasis on the functions rather than the structure of consciousness  How humans and animals function in adapting to their environmento Acceptance of methodology and data from many fields - Darwin used data from avariety of sources o Focus on the description and measurement of individual differencesFrancis Galton- Mental inheritance and individual differenceso Hereditary Geniuso Eugenics o Anthropometric Laboratory- Statistical Methodso Physical measurements cluster around average, regression towards the meano Applied normal curve to mental characteristicso Came up with concept of correlation, which is still heavily used in social sciences- Mental Testso Galton = concept; Cattell = termo Assumed intelligence can be measured with motor and sensory capacities- Association of Ideaso diversity of associations of ideaso Reaction time (time required to produce associations)- Mental Imageryo First exhaustive use of psychological questionnaire – recall scene of breakfast tableAnimal Psychology and the Development of Functionalism- Darwin’s theory of evolution → animal psychology- George John Romaneso Anecdotal methodo Introspection by analogyo Launched observational stage of comparative psychology and paved the way for experimental study of animal behavior- C. Lloyd Morgano Recognized the weaknesses in anecdotal and introspection-by-analogy methodso Law of parsimony (AKA Lloyd