PSYC 4600.002 Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. The Defecating Duck and the Newfound wonders of Machinesa. Automatab. Clock-work UniverseII. Determinism and RealismIII. Automata: people as machinesa. Steam EnginiusIV. Charles Babbagea. His life and workb. The Crackpotc. LegacyV. The Antikythera MachineOutline of Current Lecture I. Rene Decartes (1596-1650)a. Personal Historyb. His worki. Beginnings of modern science1. Empiricismii. Contributions of Decartes1. Mind- Body problemiii. The nature of the bodyiv. The mind-body interactionv. Doctrine of IdeasII. Philosophical foundations of the new psychologya. Auguste Comte (1798-1857)i. Positivismii. Materialismb. British Empiricismi. Empiricism (definition)ii. Key Figures1. John Lockea. Sensations and Reflectionb. Simple Ideas and complex ideasc. Theory of learning/associationd. Primary and secondary qualitiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. George Berkeley3. David Hartley4. James Mill 5. John Stuart MillCurrent Lecture-Rene Descartes (1596-1650)oPersonal History-Born in France-Inherited money from his fatherUsed to travel and for intellectual pursuit-Studied at a Jesuit School-Excelled in mathematics, the humanities, philosophy, physics, and physiology-Poor healthWas allowed to spend all morning in bedWhere he did his best thinking-Served as a gentleman volunteer in the armies of Holland, Bavaria and Hungary-Expert swordsman-Loved to drink, dance, and gamble-Attracted to women who squint-Love affair with Helene Jans, whom he had a child withDaughter died, causing Descartes to become celibate and inconsolable-Accepted a tutor position from the queen of Sweden-Asked to teach in a cold library at 5 am; became weak and ill with pneumonia-Died and was buried in Sweden-His manuscripts and letters went down with the ship when the boat when to dock and an Italian mathematician stole some of the lettersoHis work -Worked onWays to keep his hair from graying Maneuverability of wheelchairsConditions-Whipping dogs after the violin-Was refined by PavlovIn the army, he dreamt of the "spirit of truth" -Led him to devote his life to mathematics and scienceMoved around to find solitude for work-The beginnings of modern scienceEmpiricism-The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature andattribution of all knowledge to exterienceDecartes contributed the most-Wrote on math and physics-"inaugurated the era of modern psychology"-Contributions of DecartesMind body problem-What is the distiction between mental and physical qualities?-Previous thought: the mind as the puppeteer-Decartes: mind and body are separate but connected-Cartesian dualism-Mind influences body and the body influences the mind (more so than previously thought)-The nature of the bodyPhysical matter governed by mechanical lawsReflex action theory-The idea that an external stimulus can being about an involuntary response-The mind body interactionThe mind and body are separate but must connect at some point (pinealbody)-Doctrine of IdeasMind produces two kinds of ideas-Derived ideas: from application of an external stimulus-Innate ideas: from the mind or consciousness/ separate from external stimulioReview of Decartes-Mind-bodyCartesian dualismInteraction (pineal body/ conarium)-Nature of the bodyMechanisticReflex Action Theory-Nature of the mindDoctrine of Ideas-Innate and Derived Ideas-Philosophical foundations of the new psychology: positivism, materialism, and empiricismoAuguste Comte (1798-1857)-PositivismRecognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable-Took a systematic approach to learning about human knowledge-MaterialismConsiders the facts on the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter-Personal lifeComte was so influential that everyone claimed to be a positivistNever held an academic positionStruggled emotionally and financiallyoBritish Empiricists-EmpiricismPursuit of knowledge through observation; attribute all knowledge to experienceKey Figures-John Locke (1632-1704)-Wanted to know how the mind acquires knowledge-Rejected innate ideas (tabula rasa)-Apparently inherent nature of some ideas due to learning and habit -Felt that access to good education is a must for all children-Sensations and Reflection-Sensations are not always reliable and derived from sensory input-Reflection is the forming of ideas from sensory input -All knowledge comes through the senses-Simple ideas and complex ideas-Simple ideas-Elementary ideas arising from sensationand reflection-Complex ideas -The combination of simple ideas and can be reduced to smaller components-Theory of association/learning-The notion that knowledge results from linking or associating simple ideas to form complex ideas -Mind like a clock-Follow specific laws -Able to be broken down into smaller parts (disassemble)-Primary and Secondary qualities-Primary-Characteristics that exist whether or notwe perceive them- size and shape-Secondary-Exists in our perception of the object-Color and odor-Does reality exist only in our perception?-Extra info-Recipes using: Hedgehog grease and carved up puppies-Mutilated frog in his spare time -George Berkeley (1685-1753)-Mentalism-All knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and dependent on the percieving/experiencing person-Perception is Reality-The very existence of the external world depends on perception-Concerned with questions like "If a tree falls in the forest, and no one is around to hear it , does it make a sound?"-Believed that God is the permanent perceiver-Association of sensations-Sensations are simple ideas that can be combined for form complex ideas-Depth perception-Associate visual impressions with sensations that occur as our eyes adjust-David Hartley (1705-1757)-Association by contiguity and repetition-Extended association to more complex mental processes-Was influenced by mechanism-James Mill (1773-1836)-The mind is a machine-Completely passive, no place for free will, no such thing as creative function-John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)-Mental Chemistry-Creative synthesis-Complex ideas