PSYC 4600.002 Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Edward Bradford Titchenera. Differences between Wundt and Titchenerb. Life as Titchener's grad studentc. Titchener's Experimentalistsd. Women and Titchenere. His worki. Elements of Consciousness1. 3 problems for psychology2. 3 elementary states of consciousnessII. Structuralisma. CriticismIII. Criticisms of IntrospectionIV. Additional criticismsV. Contributions of StructuralismOutline of Current LectureI. Brief Introduction to FunctionalismII. Trends in the 19th centuryIII. Evolution was nothing newIV. Jenny the chimpanzeeV. Charles DarwinVI. EvolutionVII. It's influence on psychologyVIII. Frances GaltonIX. Studies of animal psychologyCurrent Lecture- Brief Introduction to Functionalism o Def: concerned with how the mind functions or how it is used by an organism to adapt to its environment o Questions to address:  What do mental processes accomplish?  What does the mind do?  How is it used to adapt to the environment?  How do people function is different environments? - Trends in the 19th century o Zeitgeist: Industrial revolution o Century of travel and discovery These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Century of inventions o Theism vs. Deism  shift from faith in God to faith in science - Evolution was nothing new o Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809)  Theory about giraffes o Charles Lyell (mid 1800s)  Evolution and geology o Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation o Orangutans and chimpanzees put on display (1835) - Scientist Captivated by Childlike Jenny o Jenny: 2 year old orangutan, displayed at the London Zoo in 1838  Wore a girl's dress  Sat at a table  Used a spoon to eat from a plate  Drank from a cup  Understood her keeper's directions  Recognized what she wasn't allowed to do o Humanlike qualities  knew right from wrong  could anticipate a whipping o captured the attention of Charles Darwin  Wrote of her intelligence in comparison to man  believed man should be humble to consider himself created from animals - Charles Darwin o Erasmus Darwin (Grandfather) o Interest in natural history o Studied for MD, Clergy o when on a voyage on the HMS Beagle (1831-36)  went around the world and cataloged plants and animals o Post Beagle  was a changed man  passion: to develop a theory of evolution  delayed publication  suffered health problems (neurosis?) o The publication  Alfred Russell Wallave outlined theory of evolution too  First publication of Origin of the Species sold out (1858) - What is the theory of evolution? o Natural selection:  individual variations are inheritable  those that survive transmit skills and advantages to offspring o Survival of the fittest  those best suited for their environment and adapt survive o Example: Finches' Beak: Theory of Evolution - So how will this influence psychology?o focus on animal psychology o emphasis on function rather than structure o Acceptance of other types of methodology o Focus on the description and measurement of individual differences - Francis Galton (1822-1911) o Extraordenary intelligence o Prominent & wealthy family o Studied medicine o Well-traveled individual  Art of travel o Darwin's book had an immense impact in his life o Mental Inheritance  the mental capacities of each parent could be passed genetically to offspring  I.e. two intelligent people would breed a genius o Thought we could breed greatness  Eugenics o published a book called Hereditary Genius (1869) o Statistics  Quetelet (1796-1874) and the normal curve  Galton applied the normal curve to human mental characteristics  Developed the concept of correlation o Mental tests  coined by Cattell but concept was originated by Francis Galton  Tests of motor skills and sensory capacities  Galton saw intelligence in terms of person's sensory capacities o Anthropometric Laboratory (1884)  Tested more than 9,000 people  Assessed:  Hearing  Vision  Height  Weight  Breathing power  Strength of pull and squeeze o Associations of ideas  Diversity and reaction time of associations  Somewhat connected to past experiences  Word association tests o Mental Imagery  1st psychological questionnaire  More alike between siblings than unrelated people - Animal Psychology & Functionalism o Before Darwin: animals considered automata o With Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872)  Continuity between humans and animals  Search for evidence of intelligence in animals human emotional behavior: inheritance of behavior once useful to animals o Studies of animal intelligence- George J. Romanes (1848-1894)  British physiologist  1st to formalize and systematize study of animal intelligence  Selected by Darwin to apply theory of evolution to the mind  Animal Intelligence (1883)  Similarity and continuity between humans & animals  Ladder of Mental Functioning  Apes, dogs --> indefinite morallity  Monkey, elephants--> use of tools  Birds--> understanding words  Reptiles--> recognition of people  Fish--> association of similarity o Method: Anecdotal method  Observational reports about animal behavior o Technique: Introspection by analogy  Assuming same mental processes in the observer's mind also occur in the animal's mind  Discarded o Studies of animal intelligence - Conway Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936)  Romanes's designated successor  Proposed law of parsimony: keep it simple  Goal:  Increase scientific rigor of comparative psychology  Reduce