PSCY 4600 1nd Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Psychology of the Ancientsa. Prominent figures an themes in the development of psychologyII. Early Greek Medicinea. Alemaeonb. HippocatesIII. Philosophical Thoughts of the Roman Perioda. Skepticismb. Cynicismc. Stoicismd. EpicureanismOutline of Current Lecture I. The Middle Agesa. Important Influencesb. Transmission of IdeasII. The Renaissancea. Printing b. Sciencei. Key FiguresIII. TrendsCurrent Lecture- The Middle Ages o =1000 years between 5th century and the Renaissance (15th century) o Early Middle ages = "Dark Ages"  Tribes vied for control across Europe  Collapse of Roman Currency, infrastructure, law and learning o Largely influenced by Christianity  Main concern in philosophy is the soul o Respected the ancients  Plato and Aristotle in particularo Important Influences  St. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE)  Sent to Carthage to study rhetoric and law These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Ultimate goal of understanding the human mind  Knowing God  Truth dwells in every person  Disclosed internal life in "Confessions"  Believed:  Humans have freedom of choice  Knowledge without faith is incomplete  Set the tone for the next millennium  Islam  7th century, the prophet Muhammad established Islamic civilization  Muslim scholars preserved many works of antiquity (Roman and Greek)  Islamic scholars of interest  Avicenna ibn Sina (980-1037)  Preserved and updated Aristotle's ideas  Humans have the potential to know but it requires experiences  Physician and influential writings (specifically the Cannon- hugely influential)  Averroes ibn Rushd (1126-1198)  Preserved and commented on Aristotle  Considered Aristotle to be perfection  "The Commentator"  Largely responsible for introducing secular thought to Western World  Led to scholasticism in Medieval Europe  Can study philosophy and religion, without conflict  St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)  Championed separation of philosophy and theology  Faith and reason are compatible, so they can be considered together or separate  William Ockham (1285-1349)  Born neat present day London  Rejected central assumptions of the Church  Known for Ockham's razor  Arguments should have their extraneous assumptions removed  Influenced the Law of Parsimony  2 equally probable explanations, the one with the fewest assumptions is preferred.  Development of Universities in Europe  Late 12th-13th centuries 14 total universities built Eventually vital to the development of science o Transmission of ideas  The Crusades (11th-13th centuries)  Council of Constance (1414-1418)  First interdisciplinary meeting  Met in Modern Konztanz in southern Germany - The Renaissance o Rebirth/ revival of classical art, literature, architecture: 14th-16th centuries  Great increase in learning and spread of knowledge  Influenced by the Universities and printing  Main theme is humanism: or what does it mean to be human o Printing  1450, Johannes Gutenberg  Movable typed  Could print books with greater cost efficiency o Science  Key figures  Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)  Polish  Concluded that geocentric view was incorrect  Contrary to Church doctrine  Received with hostility  Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)  Dominican monk  Defended Copernicus  Extended heliocentrism- the idea that the sun is the centerof the known universe Burned at the stake  Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)  Used telescope to observe heavens  Concluded the Copernicus was correct  Worked on what we would call today sensation and perception (primary and secondary qualities)  William Harvey (1578-1657)  English  Research focus on heart movement and blood motion  Method was observational and experimental  Heart doesn't make blood but pumps it  Paved the way for experimental biology  Isaac Newton (1642-1727)  Light and optics  Refraction White light to composite  Recombination  Most known for his work in Gravity and Calculus  Influenced British empiricists and structuralists  Went mad due to mercury poisoning (later part of life devoted to alchemy)  Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)  Ground and polished lenses (early microscopes, telescopesand eyeglasses)  Was excommunicated from the local Jewish community forbelieves  Believed that everything was determined  Free will was an illusion  Mind-body problem (are the mental world and physical worlds distinct)  Argued for double aspectism (two sides of acoin)  Psychic determinism- behavior by mental causes  Forerunner of psychoanalysis o Trends  The world (and human nature?) operates according to laws  Which we can observe and explain  Increased reliance on observation and measurement as opposed to introspection  Getting closer to the science and psychology we know