BIO 373 1st EditionExam #3 Study Guide Lectures: 18 - 24Lecture 18 (April 3) Communities—human microbiomesHuman microbiomes- Communitieso Defining communitieso Guilds Know definitiono Functional groups Know definitiono Trophic levelso Properties of community structure Diversity- Richness and evennesso Differentiate between richness and abundance Competitiono Shannon index Commonness and rareness across communities Looking at proportions of abundanceLecture 19 (April 8) Communities contdHuman Microbiomes- Communitieso Species compositiono Interactions Direct and indirect Positive and negative Trophic cascade Trophic facilitationo Competitive networks vs. hierarchies Know the difference and definition o Dominant vs. keystone species Know the difference and definitiono Ecosystem engineers Know definition and what types of species can do thiso Context-dependence Know definitionLecture 20 (April 10) Communities contd—successionCommunities Contd- Changes in communitieso Agents Abiotic—know examples- Disturbances and stresso Know definition and difference Biotic—know exampleso Succession Know definition Know primary vs secondary Understand the trajectory of succession Know modes of succession - Clements and Gleason Know the Connel 3 modes of succession- Facilitation model- Tolerance model- Inhibition modelLecture 21 (April 15) Community changes and Species DiversityCommunities contd- Changes in communitieso Know the Chapin experimento Know mechanisms of succession Drivers of early succession, succession progress, role of competition and growth rateso Understand alternative stable states Know Fouling example Stability vs. change vs. hysteresisSpecies Diversity- Know what a landscape is- Know the interconnected special scales of species diversity- Series of filters that bring species into a communityo Know the filters and importance in invasive species- Models of coexistenceo Resource partitioning McArthus theory Prevents dominance Species resource use falls on spectrum (understand this)Lecture 22 (April 17) Species Diversity contd Species Diversity contd- Models of coexistenceo Know Hutchinson;s Model Understand the paradox of the plankton- Coexistence occurs when Tc=Te- Know result when Tc is unequal to Teo Promoting Coexistence Resource partitioning Intermediate disturbance hypothesis- Coexistence defined by disturbance levelso Know disturbance level and associated level of diversity and mortality rate Lottery model- All species must have equal chances of obtaining resources- Must have similar interaction strengths and growth rates and be able to respond quickly to eventso Consequences of diverdsity Diversity-stability theory- Know what community stability is- Know what different levels of diversity do for community stability- Species richness and community functionLecture 23 (April 22) Energy in EcosystemsEnergy in Ecosystems- Ecosystem energy views species within communities as entities linked to each other via the transformation of energy and nutrients achieved when they engage in consumer- resource interactions- Primary productiono Know definitiono Gross primary production Know definitiono Net primary production Know definition and relationship and difference of GPP Variation in NPP in terrestrial ecosystems- Know what variation is defined by in these ecosystems and how Variation in NPP in aquatic ecosystems- Know what variation is defined by in these ecosystems and howo Lakes, rivers and streams, marine ecosystems Latitudinal variation in NPP- Know relationships and rates of variation for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at different latitudes (i.e. Northern hemisphere vs. southern, tropics, mid latitudes)- Secondary productiono Know definitiono Net secondary production Know definition- Energy flowo Understand trophic levelso Know the flow of energy primary producers primary consumers (herbivores) secondary consumers (primary carnivores) secondary carnivores (eat primary carnivores) detritors (on same level as primary producers)<-> detrivores (on same level as herbivores) primary carnivores- understand what detritus is and why it is greater in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystemsLecture 24 (April 24) Energy in Ecosystems contdEnergy in Ecosystems- Energy Efficiencyo Know definition and difference between: Trophic, assimilation, production, energy, and consumption efficiencyo Trophic efficiency Proportion of available biomass that is consumeso Assimilation efficiency Proportion of ingested biomass that consumer can assimilate with digestiono Production efficiency Proportion of assimilated biomass used to produce new consumer biomass/maintain tissueso Energy efficiency The percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next Know average percentages of energy to trophic levels, metabolism, detrituso Consumption efficiencies Tend to be higher for carnivores than herbivores- Consumption efficiency is higher in aquatic ecosystems than terrestrialo Understand how production efficiency is related to thermal physiology and size of the consumero Understand what top-down vs. bottom-up energy flow is and the difference between them Understand a trophic cascade- Biogeochemistryo Physical, chemical, and biological factors that influence movement and transformation of elementso Know definition of nutrients Know the primary source in- Lithosphereo Understand rock sedimentation: mechanism and importance- Atmosphereo Understand carbon and nitrogen sources- Biosphereo Understand decompositiono Know how plants store