BIO 373 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Notes/Things to Know from the TA- Know the biomes- Understand temperature and special patternso What causes climates in the world? Think: convection cells, tilt and shape of the Earth, etc.o What causes global precipitation patterns Think: convection cells, water currents, topography- Convection cellso Hadley cells Formed in the tropics, direct UV radiation at equator Air here gets warmer and rises because it’s less dense- Less dense because particles are moving around quickly and there is space between them As air rises it then becomes cooler and condenses to form clouds Atmospheric pressure drops Some air circulates to the north and some to the south Air begins to sink, get warmer, and atmospheric pressure increaseso Trade winds Air that moved towards the poles is getting warmer than it was, but cooler than in the Hadley cells and gets cooler as it reaches the poles- Polar cellso Coriolis Effect Movement of particles in the north is clockwise and in the south is counterclockwise- El ninoo Warm water in the Pacifico Every 3-8 years and increase or decrease in temperatureo High pressure areas go down and low pressure areas go up Pressure difference goes from positive to negative, water circulates, and becomes warmer Trade winds weaken, lessens upwelling, affects distribution of nutrients- La ninao After El ninoo Cooler watero Causes rain in desert areas and drought in wet areas- Jet streamso Masses of air running across Earth, due to Coriolis Effect- CAM plantso Dryness response- C4o Plants in high sunlight exposure (i.e. grasslands)- C3o Most plantsLecture 1 (January 14) Ecology MaximsExperimental Design- Be familiar with observational studies versus experimentationEcology Maxims- You can never do just one thing—interactions- Everything goes somewhere—flow of energy- No population grows forever—limitations- There is no free lunch—things balance each other- Evolution matters- Space matters—temperature and precipitation over an area- Life would be impossible without species interactionLecture 2 (January 16) Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment- Climateo Difference between climate and weathero Factors Temperature, precipitation, windo Definitions to know Conduction Evaporation Transpiration Convection Sensible heat Latent heat Greenhouse gaseso Global position Effects angle of sun and radiationo Convection cells Three major cells—know how they are formed- See above notes from the TA Coriolis force- Due to rotation of Earth, drives these cells- Know how—see above notes from the TA Zones of low pressure= high precipitation Zones of high pressure= low precipitation Dense air= cold air= dry conditions can’t capture watero Surface winds—jet streams Horizontally along Earth Warm air= decreased atmospheric pressure Cool air= increased atmospheric pressure- Understand why Wind moves along surface of water and creates currents Salinity- Higher in deeper water- Understand upwellingo Distribution of nutrientso Global climate pattern follows convection cells EXCEPT Areas of high elevationLecture 3 (January 21) Regional climates and the Chemical EnvironmentRegional Climates- Know definition- Elevation and precipitationo Understand the rain shadow effect- Deforestationo Know the influence on vegetation and climate- Climate variationo Seasonal and long term variation Associated with changes in Earth’s position relative to the sun—radiationo Variation is greater in continental land masses Understand whyo Intertropical convergence zone Wet and dry seasono Southern oscillation events El nino and la nina- Understand how and why these occur and see above notes from the TAo Pacific Decadal Oscillation Northern hemisphere shift in water surface temperature- Long term climate variation (millions of years)o Associated with variation in Earth’s orbital pattern Know various theories of how (i.e. a shift in the tilt of axis)The Chemical Environment- Influences salinity, acidity, and oxygen availabilityo High salinity= more organic acidso Oxygen availability—pH differences Know the effect of thisLecture 4 (January 23) BiosphereAmerican Sarengetti- Know the basics of the case studyTerrestrial Biomes- Characterized by forms of dominant vegetationo Deciduous, succulents, evergreen, grasses Know characteristics (wet, cold, dry, etc.) best for types of vegetation—indicative of biome and the vegetation that grows hereo Know definition of convergence- Also characterized by average annual temperature and precipitation- Global biome distribution is affected by resource extraction, urban development, and agriculture- Know general characteristics of each biomeo Vegetation, precipitation, temperature, human effects, global location- Tropical rainforesto 10 degrees north and south of equator, 200 centimeters annual precipitation, temperature 25 degrees Celsius, evergreens, tall trees, broad leaveso Know canopy levels- Hot deserto 30 degrees latitude, low precipitation, high temps with fluctuation, succulents, short shrubs, grasses- Temperate grasslando Warm and wet summer, cold and dry winter, fires- Temperate deciduous foresto Northern hemisphere, warm with fluctuation in temperature, deciduous, broad leaves, leaves drop in winter, fertile soil- Boreal forestso 50-60 degrees latitude, northern hemisphere, cold temperatures but can reach 20 degrees C, low precipitation, evergreens, permafrost- Tundrao Windy, low temperatures, vegetation grows close to ground- Mountain biological zoneso Lower montane, montane, subalpine, alpine Know biomes associated with eachLecture 5 (January 30) Marine Bio Zones, Temperature Variation, Water AvailabilityFreshwater Biological Zone- Lotic versus lentico Know the meaning and differences between the two- Lotic systemo First, second, and third order streamo Main channel, benthic zone, hyporheic zone- Lentic systemo Litorial zoneo Main channel, benthic, hyporheic- Know human impacto Fertilizer, sewage, deforestation, dams, etc.Marine Biological Zones- Determined by ocean depth, light availability, stability of bottom substrate- Know how tidal fluctuations affect salinity- Know the substrate stability, salinity, tides, other general characteristics of marine biological zoneso Rocky intertidal regiono sandy shoreo coral reefo kelp forests-