BIO 373 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 8 Notes Things to Know from the TA Know the biomes Understand temperature and special patterns o What causes climates in the world Think convection cells tilt and shape of the Earth etc o What causes global precipitation patterns Think convection cells water currents topography Convection cells o Hadley cells Formed in the tropics direct UV radiation at equator Air here gets warmer and rises because it s less dense Less dense because particles are moving around quickly and there is space between them As air rises it then becomes cooler and condenses to form clouds Atmospheric pressure drops Some air circulates to the north and some to the south Air begins to sink get warmer and atmospheric pressure increases o Trade winds Air that moved towards the poles is getting warmer than it was but cooler than in the Hadley cells and gets cooler as it reaches the poles Polar cells o Coriolis Effect Movement of particles in the north is clockwise and in the south is counterclockwise El nino o Warm water in the Pacific o Every 3 8 years and increase or decrease in temperature o High pressure areas go down and low pressure areas go up Pressure difference goes from positive to negative water circulates and becomes warmer Trade winds weaken lessens upwelling affects distribution of nutrients La nina o After El nino o Cooler water o Causes rain in desert areas and drought in wet areas Jet streams o Masses of air running across Earth due to Coriolis Effect CAM plants o Dryness response C4 o Plants in high sunlight exposure i e grasslands C3 o Most plants Lecture 1 January 14 Ecology Maxims Experimental Design Be familiar with observational studies versus experimentation Ecology Maxims You can never do just one thing interactions Everything goes somewhere flow of energy No population grows forever limitations There is no free lunch things balance each other Evolution matters Space matters temperature and precipitation over an area Life would be impossible without species interaction Lecture 2 January 16 Physical Environment Physical Environment Climate o Difference between climate and weather o Factors Temperature precipitation wind o Definitions to know Conduction Evaporation Transpiration Convection Sensible heat Latent heat Greenhouse gases o Global position Effects angle of sun and radiation o Convection cells Three major cells know how they are formed See above notes from the TA Coriolis force Due to rotation of Earth drives these cells Know how see above notes from the TA Zones of low pressure high precipitation Zones of high pressure low precipitation Dense air cold air dry conditions can t capture water o Surface winds jet streams Horizontally along Earth Warm air decreased atmospheric pressure Cool air increased atmospheric pressure Understand why Wind moves along surface of water and creates currents Salinity Higher in deeper water Understand upwelling o Distribution of nutrients o Global climate pattern follows convection cells EXCEPT Areas of high elevation Lecture 3 January 21 Regional climates and the Chemical Environment Regional Climates Know definition Elevation and precipitation o Understand the rain shadow effect Deforestation o Know the influence on vegetation and climate Climate variation o Seasonal and long term variation Associated with changes in Earth s position relative to the sun radiation o Variation is greater in continental land masses Understand why o Intertropical convergence zone Wet and dry season o Southern oscillation events El nino and la nina Understand how and why these occur and see above notes from the TA o Pacific Decadal Oscillation Northern hemisphere shift in water surface temperature Long term climate variation millions of years o Associated with variation in Earth s orbital pattern Know various theories of how i e a shift in the tilt of axis The Chemical Environment Influences salinity acidity and oxygen availability o High salinity more organic acids o Oxygen availability pH differences Know the effect of this Lecture 4 January 23 Biosphere American Sarengetti Know the basics of the case study Terrestrial Biomes Characterized by forms of dominant vegetation o Deciduous succulents evergreen grasses Know characteristics wet cold dry etc best for types of vegetation indicative of biome and the vegetation that grows here o Know definition of convergence Also characterized by average annual temperature and precipitation Global biome distribution is affected by resource extraction urban development and agriculture Know general characteristics of each biome o Vegetation precipitation temperature human effects global location Tropical rainforest o 10 degrees north and south of equator 200 centimeters annual precipitation temperature 25 degrees Celsius evergreens tall trees broad leaves o Know canopy levels Hot desert o 30 degrees latitude low precipitation high temps with fluctuation succulents short shrubs grasses Temperate grassland o Warm and wet summer cold and dry winter fires Temperate deciduous forest o Northern hemisphere warm with fluctuation in temperature deciduous broad leaves leaves drop in winter fertile soil Boreal forests o 50 60 degrees latitude northern hemisphere cold temperatures but can reach 20 degrees C low precipitation evergreens permafrost Tundra o Windy low temperatures vegetation grows close to ground Mountain biological zones o Lower montane montane subalpine alpine Know biomes associated with each Lecture 5 January 30 Marine Bio Zones Temperature Variation Water Availability Freshwater Biological Zone Lotic versus lentic o Know the meaning and differences between the two Lotic system o First second and third order stream o Main channel benthic zone hyporheic zone Lentic system o Litorial zone o Main channel benthic hyporheic Know human impact o Fertilizer sewage deforestation dams etc Marine Biological Zones Determined by ocean depth light availability stability of bottom substrate Know how tidal fluctuations affect salinity Know the substrate stability salinity tides other general characteristics of marine biological zones o Rocky intertidal region o sandy shore o coral reef o kelp forests know human impact on these zones Temperature Variation and Water Availability tolerance and avoidance responses to stress o acclimation adaption and isozymes know definitions know how variance in temperature effects metabolic function o know how birds bacteria and mammals each regulate