BIO 373 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Physical Environmenta. Case studyb. Climatei. Temperatureii. Precipitationiii. Windsiv. Other factorsc. Surface Windsi. Currentsii. Salinity levelsiii. upwellingOutline of Current Lecture I. Regional Climatesa. Elevation and precipitationb. DeforestationII. Climate variationa. Intertropical convergence zoneb. El Nino Souther Oscillationc. La ninad. Pacific Decadal Oscillatione. Long term climate variationIII. The chemical environmenta. Salinityb. Oxygen availability Current LectureRegional Climates- Regional climates= reflects the influence of distribution of oceans, continents, mountains, and vegetation- Elevation and precipitationo Rain shadow effectThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Mountains influence patterns of wind and temperature gradients and precipitation- Side of mountain with prevailing winds get little rain- Windward side gets more rain because wind carries the moisture from oceanic currents- Deforestationo Influence of vegetation on climate Increase loss of solar radiation (due to reflection) Higher sensible heat loss (due to convection) Decrease loss of energy due to decreased evapotranspiration (due to lack of plants) Decrease water available for precipitationClimate Variation- Seasonal and long term associated with changes in Earth’s position relative to the suno Due to solar radiation differences from summer to winter- Variation is greater in continental land masseso Less continental land mass, greater effect of water bodies, water’s high specific heat, more resistant to temperature change- Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)o Wet and dry season in this zoneo ITCZ shifts north in June and south in Decembero ITCZ warmer temperature (increase radiation due to angle of Earth and angle of sun) more precipitation- El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) eventso Occurs every 3-8 years and lasts about 18 monthso Shifts on pressure cells between western and eastern Pacific Positions of high and low pressure systems switch Trade winds weaken, less upwelling- Less fish—because of this fisherman usually notice the effects of El Nino firsto La nina typically after El nino- Pacific Decadal Oscillationo 20-30 year periodso Shift in water surface temperature in Northern Hemisphere- Long term climate variation (millions of years)o Associated with variation in Earth’s orbital pattern Circular versus elliptical pattern- Changes over 100,000 year period Shift in tilt of axis (23-24.5 degrees) Celestial stars can also change orbitThe Chemical Environment- Influences salinity, acidity, and oxygen availabilityo Biological function- Salinity—more organic acids in areas of high salinity- Oxygen availability—pH differences can effect metabolic pathwayso Relatively consistent in atmosphereo Elevation increase elevation, decrease oxygeno Oxygen not very available in water (lower concentration) or
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