BIO 373 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. Energy Continueda. Heterotrophsi. energy and digestionii. adaptations and morphologyiii. foraging theoryOutline of Current Lecture I. Life Historya. Complex life cyclesb. Classificationc. Survivorship curvesd. Grimese. Trade offsf. Life cycle draw backsg. Life cycle benefitsCurrent LectureLife History- Life history= overall pattern in timing and nature of growth, reproduction, and survival averaged across all individuals in the specieso Variations in individuals within the species due to differences in: Distribution of differences in growth, ability to reproduce, timing of maturity, etc. Genetic differences Environmental causes- Phenotypic plasticity= same genotype can generate different phenotypes depending on the environment- Complex life cyclesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Great morphological change during development (animals and plants) Ex: Tadpole to frog Ex: Haploid plant to diploid planto Watch the cool videos from the slides!- Classificationo Semelparous= one bout of reproduction in lifetime Salmon, agave, marsupials, octopus, etc.o Iteroparous= can reproduce several times during life Humans, birds, mosquitos, etc.- Survirorship curveso See curve on slides I: high mortality at old age II: constant rate of mortality (birds) III: few make it to old ageo r/K selection r= intrinsic rate of growth K= carrying capacity of population r: type III survivorship unstable environment, density independent, small organism size, low energy usage, many offspring produced, early maturation, short life expectance, one reproductive event (semelparous) K: type I and II survivorship exact opposite of type III survivorship - Grimes modelo Life history of plantso Characteristics of habitats Stress, disturbance, competition of habitat See slide with triangular model- Tradeoffso Tradeoff between number and size of offspring Negative correlation Allocation of energy—can allocate more energy into size of organism and lessinto the number produced or vice versa We would not see a large organism with large number of offspring (along with high survival rate, fast maturation, etc.) because there are resource and energy limitations Tradeoff is most visible where there is no parental careo Tradeoff between current and future reproduction the cost of reproduction- higher investment in current reproduction hinders growth and survivorship and reduces future reproduction- Investments in growth will pay off with higher number of offspring produced and reproductive bouts in the futureo Tradeoff of senescence Senescence= physiological decline with age until death Depending on when you are reproducing determines bout of senescence Organisms like humans senesce for a long time, occurring after reproducing, but during this period of senescence provide care to offspring- Life cycle drawbackso Parental investment Small offspring size makes them more susceptible to predation or other factors so parent invests in caring for offspring- Life cycle benefitso Dispersal Colonizing new habitats—distribution of species Planktonic vs. nonplanktonico Dormancy Can wait for the right conditions for reproduction or