BIO 373 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 1 What is a life history a Factors defining differences in life histories within species 2 Compare iteroparous to semelparous 3 Understand r K selection and Grimme s triagle classifications of life history strategies 4 Understand the importance of trade offs in generating life history patterns 5 Know examples of trade offs presented in lecture size number of offspring current future reproduction 6 Sinervo s observational and experimental studies on lizard trade offs across latitudes 7 Benefits and drawbacks of having small life stages 8 Benefits of evolving complex life cycles 9 What is a population a Why is the concept sometimes ambiguous e g issues when studying populations b What are Ecologists interested in understanding about populations 10 Which are the four most fundamental processes defining population growth 11 Exponential growth Continuous Model a b c d When is it used type of species this model is used for Differential equation Long term solution to differential equation What values of r intrinsic rate of increase lead to increase decrease and steady state of a population e In the model how does r change with N f In the model how does dN dt change with N Discrete model a b c d When is it used type of species this model is used for Difference equation Solution to difference equation What values of finite rate of increase lead to increase decrease and steady state of a population 8 What is the correspondence between instantaneous rate of increase r and finite rate of increase 9 Summary of Exponential Growth a Consequences b When is it more likely to be observed in nature 10 Life Tables a What is a life table b What is a life table useful for c Life tables i Know the types of life tables and when are they used 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ii Know the definitions of the life table components and how to estimate them lx Sx Fx iii Understand how to estimate N and using a life table iv Why does first fluctuates at first and the stabilizes when using life tables What is a stable age distribution Do populations always grow at the same growth rates Why Density independent factors a What are they b How can they affect population dynamics c Examples Density dependent factors a What are they b How can they affect population dynamics c Examples Logistic growth model a Logistic growth equation b How does per capita growth rate change with N c How does population growth rate change with N d How does per capita intrinsic rate of increase change with N e When is logistic growth similar to exponential growth Population growth dynamics patterns a Exponential growth b Logistic growth why do plots of real populations rarely match logistic curve c Population fluctuations i Population cycles ii Outbreaks Delayed density dependence a What is it b How can it occur c When we include time lags in the logistic growth equation i When can we expect stable limit cycles damped oscillations and no oscillations How did stable limit cycles occur in the sheep blowfly experiments discussed during lecture Drivers of population extinctions a The importance of small population size b Chance events genetic drift demographic also Allee effects and environmental stochasticity Patchy distributions in nature What is a metapopulation What are metapopulation dynamics Levins classical metapopulation model you do not need to memmorize the equation but understanding it will help you better know the concept a Major general theory and assumptions b In which conditions will a metapopulation persist c Why are empty patches important for metapopulation persistence d In which conditions will a metapopulation go extinct e How well supported is the Levins metapopulation model in nature Why i Isolation by distance ii Patch size iii Rescue effect iv Non random effects 24 Can we always expect metapopulation dynamics in nature Why Which other types of spatial dynamics can we expect 25 Definition of Competition a Intraspecific b Interspecific 26 Why does competition occur between among species a What is a resource b What is not a resource c What does competition do to resources d Does competition increase as resources decrease 27 Explain difference between exploitation and interference competition know examples 28 What is asymmetrical competition 29 Can competition occur between distantly related species Explain 30 Understand Connell s removal experiment showing impact of competition in local species distribution 31 Understand impact of competition in regional species distribution 32 Why did some species of Paramecium in Gause s experiments were able to coexist through time while others did not 33 What is competitive exclusion 34 What is resource partitioning 35 Understand example of resource partitioning in cyanobacteria discussed in class 36 Understand what do the competition coefficients represent in the Lotka Volterra competition equation 37 According to the space state graph approach when can we expect competitive exclusion and when coextistence between species 38 According to the Lotka Volterra competition equation when can we expect coexistence between two species 39 What is competitive reversal and when can it occur in nature 40 How can disturbance alter the outcome of competition 41 How can evolution alter the outcome of competition 42 How can competition cause evolutionary change 43 What is character displacement 44 Types of Exploitative Interactions 45 Predation a Hunting techniques used b Local distribution c Diets of Predators 46 Herbivory a Parts of plants being eaten b Impacts of herbivory in plants c Herbivore diets 47 Prey adaptations to avoid being eaten size speed mimicry aposomatic coloration crypsis structural behavior 48 Plant adaptations to avoid being eaten masting compensation appearance structural chemical Lecture 9 February 20 Life History Life History overall patter in timing and nature of growth reproductive and survival averaged across all individuals in the species Know differences that cause variations within species Phenotypic plasticity same genotype can generate different phenotype depending on the environment Complex life cycles o Great morphological change during development Classification o Know semelparous vs iteroparous Semelparous one bout of reproduction in lifetime Iteroparous can reproduce several times during life o Survivorship curves Three curves see images and know what each entails r K selection r intrinsic rate of growth K