BIO 373 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 1. What is a life history?a. Factors defining differences in life histories within species2. Compare iteroparous to semelparous.3. Understand r/K selection and Grimme’s triagle classifications of life history strategies.4. Understand the importance of trade-offs in generating life history patterns5. Know examples of trade-offs presented in lecture (size-number of offspring, current-future reproduction).6. Sinervo’s observational and experimental studies on lizard trade-offs across latitudes.7. Benefits and drawbacks of having small life stages.8. Benefits of evolving complex life cycles.9. What is a population?a. Why is the concept sometimes ambiguous (e.g. issues when studying populations)?b. What are Ecologists interested in understanding about populations? 10. Which are the four most fundamental processes defining population growth?11. Exponential growthContinuous Model a. When is it used (type of species this model is used for)?b. Differential equationc. Long term solution to differential equationd. What values of r (intrinsic rate of increase) lead to increase, decrease and steady state ofa population?e. In the model, how does r change with N?f. In the model, how does dN/dt change with N? Discrete modela. When is it used (type of species this model is used for)?b. Difference equationc. Solution to difference equationd. What values of λ (finite rate of increase) lead to increase, decrease and steady state of a population?8. What is the correspondence between instantaneous rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ)?9. Summary of Exponential Growtha. Consequencesb. When is it more likely to be observed in nature?10. Life Tables a. What is a life table?b. What is a life table useful for? c. Life tables i. Know the types of life tables and when are they usedii. Know the definitions of the life table components and how to estimate them (lx, Sx, Fx )iii. Understand how to estimate N, and λ using a life tableiv. Why does λ first fluctuates at first and the stabilizes when using life tables?11. What is a stable age distribution?12. Do populations always grow at the same growth rates? Why? 13. Density-independent factorsa. What are they?b. How can they affect population dynamics?c. Examples14. Density-dependent factorsa. What are they?b. How can they affect population dynamics?c. Examples15. Logistic growth modela. Logistic growth equationb. How does per capita growth rate change with N?c. How does population growth rate change with N?d. How does per capita intrinsic rate of increase change with N?e. When is logistic growth similar to exponential growth?16. Population growth (dynamics) patterns?a. Exponential growthb. Logistic growth (why do plots of real populations rarely match logistic curve)?c. Population fluctuations i. Population cyclesii. Outbreaks17. Delayed-density dependence a. What is it? b. How can it occur?c. When we include time lags in the logistic growth equation:i. When can we expect stable limit cycles, damped oscillations and no oscillations?18. How did stable limit cycles occur in the sheep blowfly experiments discussed during lecture?19. Drivers of population extinctionsa. The importance of small population sizeb. Chance events: genetic drift, demographic (also Allee effects) and environmental stochasticity20. Patchy distributions in nature21. What is a metapopulation?22. What are metapopulation dynamics?23. Levins (classical) metapopulation model (you do not need to memmorize the equation; but understanding it will help you better know the concept)a. Major general theory and assumptionsb. In which conditions will a metapopulation persist?c. Why are empty patches important for metapopulation persistence?d. In which conditions will a metapopulation go extinct? e. How well supported is the Levins metapopulation model in nature? Why?i. Isolation by distanceii. Patch sizeiii. Rescue effectiv. Non random effects24. Can we always expect metapopulation dynamics in nature? Why? Which other types of spatial dynamics can we expect?25. Definition of Competitiona. Intraspecificb. Interspecific26. Why does competition occur between (among) species?a. What is a resource?b. What is not a resource?c. What does competition do to resources?d. Does competition increase as resources decrease?27. Explain difference between exploitation and interference competition (know examples)28. What is asymmetrical competition?29. Can competition occur between distantly related species? Explain30. Understand Connell’s removal experiment showing impact of competition in local species distribution.31. Understand impact of competition in regional species distribution.32. Why did some species of Paramecium in Gause’s experiments were able to coexist through time while others did not?33. What is competitive exclusion?34. What is resource partitioning?35. Understand example of resource partitioning in cyanobacteria discussed in class.36. Understand what do the competition coefficients represent in the Lotka-Volterra competition equation.37. According to the space state graph approach when can we expect competitive exclusion and when coextistence between species?38. According to the Lotka-Volterra competition equation when can we expect coexistence between two species?39. What is competitive reversal and when can it occur in nature?40. How can disturbance alter the outcome of competition?41. How can evolution alter the outcome of competition?42. How can competition cause evolutionary change?43. What is character displacement? 44. Types of Exploitative Interactions45. Predationa. Hunting techniques used b. Local distributionc. Diets of Predators46. Herbivorya. Parts of plants being eatenb. Impacts of herbivory in plantsc. Herbivore diets47. Prey adaptations to avoid being eaten: size, speed, mimicry, aposomatic coloration, crypsis, structural, behavior.48. Plant adaptations to avoid being eaten: masting, compensation, appearance, structural, chemical.Lecture 9 (February 20)- Life HistoryLife History= overall patter in timing and nature of growth, reproductive, and survival averaged across all individuals in the species- Know differences that cause variations within species- Phenotypic plasticity= same genotype can generate different phenotype depending on the environment- Complex life cycleso Great morphological change during development- Classificationo Know semelparous vs. iteroparous Semelparous= one bout of