BIO 373 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Competition Contda. Regional distributionb. Resource portioningc. Lotka-Voltera Modeli. Competition graphsii. Outcomesiii. coexistanceOutline of Current Lecture I. Competition contda. Altering the outcome of competitioni. Disturbanceii. Evolution1. Competition reversal2. Character displacementII. Exploitationa. Herbivory, Parasitism, and Predationb. Predatorsi. Methods and dietc. Herbivoresi. Methods and dietd. PreyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. adaptationsCurrent LectureCompetition Contd- altering the outcome of competitiono disturbances fugitive species= coexists with another species it competes with- dispersal—will disperse to vacant patches and colonize when they become availableo evolution competition reversal= winner becomes loser and loser becomes winner with evolution- one species may evolve to be more successful than the other, and the other does not evolve character displacement= differences between species whose distribution overlaps are great and differences are lost where they do not overlap- due to competition for the same limited resourceo can competition lead to diversity? Yes, if two species use the same resource differentlyExploitation- Organisms need energy, and those who consume other organisms participate in exploitation (in three ways)o Herbivoryo Parasitism Lives in host May eat tissue of host or may eat host’s nutrients/ use its resourceso Predation Organism kills and eats other organisms- Not so clear cuto A herbivore doesn’t always eat only plants If conditions do not permit usual diet, will possible kill and eat another organismso A predator may eat plants if its usual prey is unavailableo A plant photosynthesizes and does not typically participate in exploitation, but carnivorous plants do- Predatorso Methods Foraging Sit and wait- Ex: spiders, carnivorous plantso Found where resources are most abundanto Most have a broad diet But do have preferences based on nutrients provided by prey- Evident when chooses an organism that isn’t abundant- Or, as abundance increases, preference may increase for that resource- Herbivoreso Eat different parts of plant Usually leaves and seeds—most nutrients- But will sometimes eat roots Can still kill plant, even though technically not a predator because it is unintentional- Can affect reproductive success, growth and survival of planto Most have narrow diets (insects mostly) Some, like bigger herbivores (i.e. deer) have broader diets- Preyo Adapt to avoid being eaten Running away/running fast Structural deterrents- Ex: spines on a sea urchin Toxins- Often display bright colors that indicate they’re toxic—deters predator before even having to toxify Mimicry/camouflage- Mimic other, more dangerous organisms- Hide/blend with environment Behavior- Take cover, call out to warn other organisms Masting (plants)- Overwhelm predator with overproduction of seeds Compensation (plants- Herbivore eating plant is like clipping/trimming the plant and allows it to grow and flower more/better Appearance (plants)- Camouflage as rocks- If mechanically stimulates, close up to appear