Anthropology 101 1st Edition Final Study Guide Lectures: 17-25Lecture 17 (March 25)SubsistenceoHow to make a livingCultural Evolution -Cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over timeCultural Adaption -The process of ensuring your message, whether translated into another language or not, is presented using cultural references and role models that your intended audience will identify withForagers-Aka hunter-gatherers (fishers)-Acephalous Reciprocity -Balanced -GeneralizedLecture 18 (March 27)Horticulture -The growing of plant foods with plant tools -Simple technology to develop plant foods oSlash & burn -Aka swidden -Cut down big stuff (bushes, trees) then you burn it -Clear ground and when you burn it it fertilizes the soil oHortus-GardenConvergent evolution -Is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological nichesParallel evolution -Development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different cladesPastoralism -Transhumance (herding)-Pastor-shepherd Agriculture -Ager-field -Corvee (labor tax)Redistribution-Any process, such as inflation or taxation or the provision of social services, that reallocates household incomeMarket - a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other commoditiesEconomy- the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and servicesProfit - a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing somethingLeveling mechanism-practice that acts to ensure social equality, usually by shaming or humbling members of a group that attempt to put themselves above other membersLecture 19 (April 1) Preferential Marriage-male to his father's brother's daughter, -common among some pastoral peoples- marriage helps keep property within a lineageMonogamy - the practice or state of being married to one person at a time.Polygyny - polygamy in which a man has more than one wife.Polyandry - polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband.Levirate - a custom of the ancient Hebrews and other peoples by which a man may be obliged to marry his brother's widowSororate -marriage with a wife's sisterLecture 20 (April 3)Patrilateral -Father side of the familyMatrilateral -Mothers side of the family Cross cousins-A cousin that is connect to you through links of different gender Parallel cousins-A cousin that is connected to you through links of the same genderLevirate -When a bride is widowed and custom dictates she should marry dead husband brother Sororate -If man is widowed and custom dictates he should marry his sisterBride wealth aka bride price -The grooms family contributes money to brides family Bride service-money or goods given to the family of a bride by the bridegroom or his family Dowry -Stuff that goes along with the bride, from brides family to grooms family-New family (husband) is taking on a new member (added expense) Endogamy - the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribeExogamy - the custom of marrying outside a community, clan, or tribeFamily -Conjugal onuclear family of adult partners and their children (by birth or adoption) where the family relationship is principally focused inward and ties to extended kin are voluntary and based on emotional bonds, rather than strict duties and obligations-Blended, nuclear extended o a family consisting of a couple and their children from this and all previous relationshipsLecture 21 (April 8)Neolocal -You form a household in a new place -Big in modern industrial world Patrilocal -Father's place-Belong to husbands family when you get married live with his relativesPatrilineal -You belong to fathers familyMatrilineal -You belong to mother's family Avunculocal -special relationship existing in some societies between a maternal uncle and his sister's son; maternal uncles regarded as a collective bodyAmbilocal -societal postmarital residence in which couples, upon marriage, live with or near either the husband's parents or the wife's parentsUnilineal lineages-descent group that can demonstrate their common descent from a known apical ancestorBilateral kindereds -All societies construct their kinship systems and define social groups, roles and relationships on the basis of a bilateral network formed through combinations of marriage and parentage tiesCorporate group-collection of parent and subsidiary corporations that function as a single economic entity through a common source of controlLineage- a sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessorClan-Phratry - a descent group or kinship group in some tribal societiesMatrilineal/age- of or based on kinship with the mother or the female linePatrilineal/age- relationship to the father or descent through the male line.Kindred-Not a corporate group-Not lineages Eskimo-KinshipHawaiian-Terminologies Ways of organizing people-Age grade-Age set-Class-casteLecture 22 (April 10)Band-Acephalous-For most hunter gatherers band society-Least organization because they are the smallest & they are made up of people who are closely related to each other Tribe -Example of how a difference in quantity can produce a difference in quality and -Relatively organized make use of lineages ( a lot of people but not governers for ex., you organizewho does what)-Can be hunter gatherers, they have to live in a lush ecological area because they are big and in order for big groups of people to not be planting crops or hurting animals you need to have a lot of natural vegetation -Tend to be horticultural and/or herding societies (pastoral societies) Chiefdom-centralized-Some are very wealthy others are very poor-Ranked lineagesoBy the nature are not equal to each other (fossilized ranked lineages in state level)State-centralized-Bigger and more stable and more stratified -All states ideology of supernatural belief that this is the natural normal correct religious way to liveCentral coercive authority-refers to motivating staff by punishment and is predicated on fear of losing