Anthropology 101 1st Edition Final Study Guide Lectures 17 25 Lecture 17 March 25 Subsistence o How to make a living Cultural Evolution Cultural and social evolution that describe how cultures and societies change over time Cultural Adaption The process of ensuring your message whether translated into another language or not is presented using cultural references and role models that your intended audience will identify with Foragers Aka hunter gatherers fishers Acephalous Reciprocity Balanced Generalized Lecture 18 March 27 Horticulture The growing of plant foods with plant tools Simple technology to develop plant foods o Slash burn Aka swidden Cut down big stuff bushes trees then you burn it Clear ground and when you burn it it fertilizes the soil o Hortus Garden Convergent evolution Is the process whereby organisms not closely related not monophyletic independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches Parallel evolution Development of a similar trait in related but distinct species descending from the same ancestor but from different clades Pastoralism Transhumance herding Pastor shepherd Agriculture Ager field Corvee labor tax Redistribution Any process such as inflation or taxation or the provision of social services that reallocates household income Market a regular gathering of people for the purchase and sale of provisions livestock and other commodities Economy the wealth and resources of a country or region especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services Profit a financial gain especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying operating or producing something Leveling mechanism practice that acts to ensure social equality usually by shaming or humbling members of a group that attempt to put themselves above other members Lecture 19 April 1 Preferential Marriage male to his father s brother s daughter common among some pastoral peoples marriage helps keep property within a lineage Monogamy the practice or state of being married to one person at a time Polygyny polygamy in which a man has more than one wife Polyandry polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband Levirate a custom of the ancient Hebrews and other peoples by which a man may be obliged to marry his brother s widow Sororate marriage with a wife s sister Lecture 20 April 3 Patrilateral Father side of the family Matrilateral Mothers side of the family Cross cousins A cousin that is connect to you through links of different gender Parallel cousins A cousin that is connected to you through links of the same gender Levirate When a bride is widowed and custom dictates she should marry dead husband brother Sororate If man is widowed and custom dictates he should marry his sister Bride wealth aka bride price The grooms family contributes money to brides family Bride service money or goods given to the family of a bride by the bridegroom or his family Dowry Stuff that goes along with the bride from brides family to grooms family New family husband is taking on a new member added expense Endogamy the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community clan or tribe Exogamy the custom of marrying outside a community clan or tribe Family Conjugal o nuclear family of adult partners and their children by birth or adoption where the family relationship is principally focused inward and ties to extended kin are voluntary and based on emotional bonds rather than strict duties and obligations Blended nuclear extended o a family consisting of a couple and their children from this and all previous relationships Lecture 21 April 8 Neolocal You form a household in a new place Big in modern industrial world Patrilocal Father s place Belong to husbands family when you get married live with his relatives Patrilineal You belong to fathers family Matrilineal You belong to mother s family Avunculocal special relationship existing in some societies between a maternal uncle and his sister s son maternal uncles regarded as a collective body Ambilocal societal postmarital residence in which couples upon marriage live with or near either the husband s parents or the wife s parents Unilineal lineages descent group that can demonstrate their common descent from a known apical ancestor Bilateral kindereds All societies construct their kinship systems and define social groups roles and relationships on the basis of a bilateral network formed through combinations of marriage and parentage ties Corporate group collection of parent and subsidiary corporations that function as a single economic entity through a common source of control Lineage a sequence of species each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor Clan Phratry a descent group or kinship group in some tribal societies Matrilineal age of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line Patrilineal age relationship to the father or descent through the male line Kindred Not a corporate group Not lineages Eskimo Kinship Hawaiian Terminologies Ways of organizing people Age grade Age set Class caste Lecture 22 April 10 Band Acephalous For most hunter gatherers band society Least organization because they are the smallest they are made up of people who are closely related to each other Tribe Example of how a difference in quantity can produce a difference in quality and Relatively organized make use of lineages a lot of people but not governers for ex you organize who does what Can be hunter gatherers they have to live in a lush ecological area because they are big and in order for big groups of people to not be planting crops or hurting animals you need to have a lot of natural vegetation Tend to be horticultural and or herding societies pastoral societies Chiefdom centralized Some are very wealthy others are very poor Ranked lineages o By the nature are not equal to each other fossilized ranked lineages in state level State centralized Bigger and more stable and more stratified All states ideology of supernatural belief that this is the natural normal correct religious way to live Central coercive authority refers to motivating staff by punishment and is predicated on fear of losing status positions bonuses or jobs Achieved status social position that a person can acquire on the basis of merit it is a position that is earned or chosen Ascribed status Everybody s status at birth is initially derived from his or her family Lecture