ANTH 101 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 8 16 Lecture 8 February 11 Emergence of Cities Civilizations o o o Type of society marked by presence of cities social classes and state Institutions Marriage banking school religion Important hallmark of civilization Formalization Name the first appearance of civilizations o Mesopotamia Egypt Indus Valley o China o Peru o Mesoamerica Neolithic Housing wood stone sun dried brick poles plastered with mud and clay permanent housing NW had heavy planks cedar logs near salmon runs and plants were easily stored without domestication Neolithic Clothing woven textiles flax and cotton wool from domesticated sheep silk from silk worms spindle and loom Neolithic Social Structure relatively egalitarian with minimal division of labor more specialized roles several households provide for own society needs met by kinship group Horticulture cultivations of crops carried out with simple tools such as digging stick or hoes Agriculture cultivations of crops fertilizers and plows or irrigation Pastoralism breeding and managing herds of domestic animals such as goats sheep and cattle Features of Early Cities large population large city sizes organized planning centralized authority technological intensification social stratification religious leaders spiritual beliefs incorporated evidence of social and economic diversity Cultural Changes religion mayan priest tried to please deity in times of drought determine auspicious time to plant crops Rise of Agriculture planted trees around the house enriched soil with human waste raised fields that were flooded int he rainy season irrigation canals were identified with the name of owner Specialization full time craftsman or artisans that focused on one things developed new technologies and the begging of an extensive trade system geometry and astrology The Bronze Age marked by production of tools of bronze copper and tim smelted together plows axes shields 3 000 BC in China Centralized Government challenges due to size and complexity record for taxes and supplies ensure safety from enemies Written Records Written documents knots tied on strings Social Stratification ways to recognize ancient civilization size of dwellings symbols of status age at death and evidence of disease Grave Goods indicates status of deceased China s emperor buried with over 7 000 statues Hydraulic Theory effort to build and control an irrigation system required a degree of social organization that eventually lead to civilization Lecture 9 February 13 Modern Human Diversity Race refers to subspecies no subspecies within Homo sapiens phenotypical differences used to identify it is a cultural construct Racism doctrine of racial superiority by which one group asserts its superiority belief that racial groups are natural and separate divisions social stereotype behavior characteristics attributed to race can be explained by culture Race in Biology subspecies differing geographically morphologically genetically in populations of the same species Persecution and Racial Identity biological not applicable to human variation race exists as a cultural category frequently combines with prejudices conflict in Darfur between Janjaweed and non Arab Intelligence some are more inherently smart different sorts of cognitive abilities some thought to be unrelated to the others genetic disposition social and environmental factors Human Biological Diversity physical variability in a particular environment controlled by single gene or multiple genes that express continuously can only study one trait at a time Species A population that interbreeds and produces viable offspring Polymorphic Trait Multiple forms Does not refer to organisms color is polymorphic in mules Polytypic Most species are this Have a variety of manifestations Some of the characteristics of a given species will occur in some species and not in others Race Variation and frequency of certain traits maintained by frequent breeding within a group Lactose Intolerance culture agent of biological selection ability to digest lactose with the enzyme lactase high retention in populations with traditions of dairying e x northern european Thrifty Genotype storage of fat that drew on in times of shortage conserve glucose for brain and red blood cells access to glucose increases the selection for non thrify genotype as protection against adult onset diabetes Lecture 10 February 18 Adaption Secular trends Referring to things that happened over the life of humans a natural sequence of lifespans Talking about changes both culturally and biologically not genetic Trends that happen as trends go on but don t result in evolutionary change Kids born in italy were smaller with bad teeth born in US a head taller and had better teeth Plasticity People living in extremely high altitudes they develop large lungs barrel chests A change in a biological change as the result of external characteristics and is NOT genetic Medical Anthropology A combo of an understanding of human biology and an understanding of cultural practices Structural violence Acclimatization Long term physiological adjustments made in order to attain equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulus Genetic Adaptation described by Darwin Natural Selection body type Physical Adaptation short term change in response to environmental stimulus such as altitude changes Developmental Adaptation permanent phenotypical variation between genes and environment high altitude changes can cause larger carrying capacity in lungs Human Growth Curve Franz Boas stated that is was defined by features amount of growth attained over time velocity or rate of growth over time High Altitude Accumulation takes 2 weeks to 2 months to adapt children s lungs permanently change adult red blood cells will carry more oxygen Kenyan runners live in hot dry whihc increases the oxygen carrying capacity Bergmann s Rule warm blooded animals from cold climates have larger body mass than the same animals from warmer climates Allen s Rule warm blooded animals from cold climates have shorter limbs than the same animals from warmer climates Hunting Response in cold weather blood vessels constrict initial alteration between the openings and cold temperature of skin oscillations become smaller and more rapid allowing hunter to maintain dexterity Heat Adaptations when sweating water is release and gives up heat when evaporated without replacing the Medical System patterned set of ideas