ANTH 101 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8-16Lecture 8 (February 11)-Emergence of CitiesCivilizations oType of society marked by presence of cities, social classes, and stateoInstitutions -Marriage, banking, school, religion -Important hallmark of civilization oFormalization Name the first appearance of civilizations oMesopotamia, Egypt, Indus ValleyoChina oPeru oMesoamericaNeolithic Housing- wood, stone, sun-dried brick, poles plastered with mud and clay, permanent housing, NW had heavy planks, cedar logs near salmon runs and plants were easily stored without domesticationNeolithic Clothing- woven textiles, flax and cotton, wool from domesticated sheep, silk from silk worms, spindle and loomNeolithic Social Structure- relatively egalitarian with minimal division of labor, more specialized roles, several households provide for own, society needs met by kinship groupHorticulture- cultivations of crops carried out with simple tools such as digging stick or hoesAgriculture- cultivations of crops, fertilizers and plows or irrigationPastoralism- breeding and managing herds of domestic animals such as goats, sheep and cattleFeatures of Early Cities- large population, large city sizes, organized planning, centralized authority, technological intensification, social stratification; religious leaders, spiritual beliefs incorporated, evidence of social and economic diversityCultural Changes- religion: mayan priest tried to please deity in times of drought, determine auspicious time to plant cropsRise of Agriculture- planted trees around the house, enriched soil with human waste, raised fields that were flooded int he rainy season, irrigation canals were identified with the name of ownerSpecialization- full-time craftsman or artisans that focused on one things, developed new technologies and the begging of an extensive trade system, geometry and astrologyThe Bronze Age- marked by production of tools of bronze, copper and tim smelted together, plows, axes, shields, 3,000 BC in ChinaCentralized Government- challenges due to size and complexity, record for taxes and supplies, ensure safety from enemiesWritten Records- Written documents, knots tied on stringsSocial Stratification- ways to recognize ancient civilization, size of dwellings, symbols of status, age at death and evidence of diseaseGrave Goods- indicates status of deceased, China's emperor buried with over 7,000 statuesHydraulic Theory- effort to build and control an irrigation system required a degree of social organization that eventually lead to civilizationLecture 9 (February 13)-Modern Human DiversityRace- refers to subspecies, no subspecies within Homo sapiens, phenotypical differences used to identify, it is a cultural constructRacism- doctrine of racial superiority by which one group asserts its superiority, belief that racial groups are natural and separate divisions, social stereotype, behavior characteristics attributed to race can be explained by cultureRace in Biology- subspecies differing geographically, morphologically, genetically in populations of the same speciesPersecution and Racial Identity- biological not applicable to human variation, race exists as a cultural category, frequentlycombines with prejudices, conflict in Darfur between Janjaweed and non-ArabIntelligence- some are more inherently smart, different sorts of cognitive abilities, some thought to be unrelated to the others, genetic disposition, social and environmental factorsHuman Biological Diversity- physical variability in a particular environment, controlled by single gene or multiple genes that express continuously, can only study one trait at a timeSpecies -A population that interbreeds and produces viable offspringPolymorphic -Trait-Multiple forms-Does not refer to organisms -"color is polymorphic in mules"Polytypic -Most species are this-Have a variety of manifestations -Some of the characteristics of a given species will occur in some species and not in othersRace-Variation and frequency of certain traits maintained by frequent breeding within a groupLactose Intolerance- culture agent of biological selection, ability to digest lactose with the enzyme lactase, high retention in populations with traditions of dairying (e.x. northern european)Thrifty Genotype- storage of fat that drew on in times of shortage, conserve glucose for brain and red blood cells, access to glucose increases the selection for non-thrify genotype as protection against adult onset diabetesLecture 10 (February 18)-Adaption Secular trends-Referring to things that happened over the life of humans, a natural sequence of lifespans -Talking about changes both culturally and biologically not genetic-Trends that happen as trends go on but don’t result in evolutionary change-Kids born in italy were smaller with bad teeth, born in US a head taller and had better teethPlasticity -People living in extremely high altitudes they develop large lungs (barrel chests)-A change in a biological change as the result of external characteristics and is NOT genetic Medical Anthropology -A combo of an understanding of human biology and an understanding of cultural practices Structural violenceAcclimatization -Long term physiological adjustments made in order to attain equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulusGenetic Adaptation- described by Darwin, Natural Selection, body typePhysical Adaptation - short-term change in response to environmental stimulus, such as altitude changesDevelopmental Adaptation- permanent phenotypical variation between genes and environment, high altitude changes can cause larger carrying capacity in lungsHuman Growth Curve- Franz Boas stated that is was defined by features, amount of growth attained over time, velocity or rate of growth over timeHigh Altitude Accumulation- takes 2 weeks to 2 months to adapt, children's lungs permanently change, adult red blood cells will carry more oxygen, Kenyan runners live in hot, dry whihc increases the oxygen carrying capacityBergmann's Rule- warm-blooded animals from cold climates have larger body mass than the same animals from warmer climatesAllen's Rule- warm-blooded animals from cold climates have shorter limbs than the same animals from warmer climatesHunting Response- in cold weather blood vessels constrict, initial alteration between the openings and cold temperature of skin, oscillations become smaller