Anthropology 101 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 -7Lecture 1 (January 14)Essence of Anthropology- Eclectic: Diverse- Empirical: originated in Britain and the United States, rely on concrete evidence and concrete data. No speculation. - Comparative: distinctive traits of anthropology. - Humans: all humans- Biological: natural, genetic- Cultural: social- Cultural Relativism: analyze and compare- Ethnocentrism: the idea that your own ethnic group, country, tribe etc. is the right one and that everything ought to be like- Holistic: anthropology looks like all and everything, wholes not just chunks- Cross cultural: looks at how people from differing backgrounds communicate4 Fields of American Anthropology- Physical aka biological: look at evolution, how contemporary humans are descended from earliernow extinct creatures. Human variation (why some groups of people are extremely tall in Sub-Sahara Africa where in Greece people tend to be olive skin toned). - Archaeology: biggest section. Look at the physical remains of past cultures, what is left behind, buildings, plants, clothing, ect. (the garbage project, analyze the garbage over generations, foundthat people were wasting just as much as they did before)- Linguistics: language - Cultural aka social or sociocultural: study of how people live in various, different places. What their patterns of life is.- Apply Anthropology: people who apply techniques of findings of anthropology for international development.Lecture 2 (January 16) Theory - Evolution started as a theory- Heliocentric theory, theory of universe where planets revolve around the sun- How cause and effect are relatedHypothesis- Theories are based on these- Reasoned arguments based on evidence- Informed guess, not provenTeleological- Geared to a particular goal - Theories should not be used to find a conclusion you’ve already foundEvolution- Cumulative process of natural selection. Not teleological. Populations evolve, individuals to not.Natural selection1. Random variation (spontaneous mutation)a. Variable population2. Polytypic speciesa. Variable population3. Differential effect of environment on survival of different individualsNatural selection- Key to evolution- Survival of the fittest- Environment - All organisms- Adaptation Linnaeus 1701-78- Classification of structure- Classify all living things in the universeo By kingdom o Region - Asked others members of intellectual world to send him preserved specimens of plants or animals that they didn’t know what to do with- Divided all living organisms to 2 groupso 1 that made their own food, then the other didn’t o Plants & animalso We don’t classify angels, but he classified themMalthus 1766-1834- Fluctuation of populations- Cleft pallet - Bread would remain expensive so men would not have children and the population would be managed- Social & economic environment Lyell 1797-1875- Principles of geology (1830)- Uniformitarism - Same things are still going on - Fossils in places they shouldn’t be - Things changeWallace 1823-1913- Co-discovery of evolution Darwin 1809-1882- Origin of Species 1859- Studied on Galapagos island- Saw giant tortoises- Natural selectionLamarck 1444-1829- Inheritance of acquired characteristics FALSELysenko 1898-1976- Russian Lamarckian Lecture 3 (January 21)-In class videoLecture 4 (January 23)Hardy-Weinbery Law- Genetic makeup of population stays the same if:1. Group is big enough2. Mating is random3. No new genetic material4. All individuals equally likely to mate and survive- Conditions are never completely met if they were met: natural selection would not occurGenetic Drift- Shift in genetic composition of a group/population that you can’t account for- Increase height and robustness of American populationFounder’s effect- Population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger populationGene flow- New genetic material coming into populations- Movement of organisms from one population to anotherEcological niche- The status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)Mendel’s Laws1. Segregationa. When genes combine in a new organization they don’t blend into each otherb. As generations precede the genes don’t blend the genes stay the same unless there is a spontaneous mutationc. Some genes may drop out, get passed on d. Maintain original identity in the individual, you don’t always see them in a person2. Independent assortmenta. Genes do not go from one generation to the next they are passed on independently Primates (order)- Prosimianso 2 classes - Monkeyso Old worldo New world- Apes o Lessero Great- HumansDating- Relative o A way of saying which came for the other thingo Depends on other sites or things or human/animal remains that are before or after it- Absolute o Chronometric o Not necessarily fixedo Before x and after yHolistic- All encompassing Artifact- Made by skill- Anything a person made- Relatively portable thing (pots, spear points, things that throw spears, stone tools)Law of superposition - N/O- All of other things being equal, new things on top of old stuff- Before people accepted that the earth went through a series of phases (fires, earthquakes, explosions ect.)Lecture 5 (January 28)-SpeciesoPopulation that can and does breed together and that produces offspring that are viable and fertileoThey survive and can have offspring of their own-Speciation oHow species develop-Branching [Cladogenesis] (Adaptive Radiation oWhen an organism branches away instead of growing [straight]-Straight [anagenesis]oEvolution in the same place that the organism isoAdapting to the same environment that a species finds themselves-Adaptive Radiation oEvolution of a number of divergent species from a common ancestor oSpecies adapt specialized to a specific environmental niche-Convergent Evolution o2 kinds of species come to look very similar oBat and a bird (parallel evolution)-Both can fly and have wings but do not have the same characteristics or qualities-Adaptation oPhysical [biological] adaptation oBehavior [cultural] adaptation oAdjustment of an organism or a group of organisms to a particular setting-HominidoHumans and their closely related extinct ancestors-HomininoNo apes-Eocene (56-34 million years ago)oProsimians