Anthropology 101 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 7 Lecture 1 January 14 Essence of Anthropology Eclectic Diverse Empirical originated in Britain and the United States rely on concrete evidence and concrete data No speculation Comparative distinctive traits of anthropology Humans all humans Biological natural genetic Cultural social Cultural Relativism analyze and compare Ethnocentrism the idea that your own ethnic group country tribe etc is the right one and that everything ought to be like Holistic anthropology looks like all and everything wholes not just chunks Cross cultural looks at how people from differing backgrounds communicate 4 Fields of American Anthropology Physical aka biological look at evolution how contemporary humans are descended from earlier now extinct creatures Human variation why some groups of people are extremely tall in SubSahara Africa where in Greece people tend to be olive skin toned Archaeology biggest section Look at the physical remains of past cultures what is left behind buildings plants clothing ect the garbage project analyze the garbage over generations found that people were wasting just as much as they did before Linguistics language Cultural aka social or sociocultural study of how people live in various different places What their patterns of life is Apply Anthropology people who apply techniques of findings of anthropology for international development Lecture 2 January 16 Theory Evolution started as a theory Heliocentric theory theory of universe where planets revolve around the sun How cause and effect are related Hypothesis Theories are based on these Reasoned arguments based on evidence Informed guess not proven Teleological Geared to a particular goal Theories should not be used to find a conclusion you ve already found Evolution Cumulative process of natural selection Not teleological Populations evolve individuals to not Natural selection 1 Random variation spontaneous mutation a Variable population 2 Polytypic species a Variable population 3 Differential effect of environment on survival of different individuals Natural selection Key to evolution Survival of the fittest Environment All organisms Adaptation Linnaeus 1701 78 Classification of structure Classify all living things in the universe o By kingdom o Region Asked others members of intellectual world to send him preserved specimens of plants or animals that they didn t know what to do with Divided all living organisms to 2 groups o 1 that made their own food then the other didn t o Plants animals o We don t classify angels but he classified them Malthus 1766 1834 Fluctuation of populations Cleft pallet Bread would remain expensive so men would not have children and the population would be managed Social economic environment Lyell 1797 1875 Principles of geology 1830 Uniformitarism Same things are still going on Fossils in places they shouldn t be Things change Wallace 1823 1913 Co discovery of evolution Darwin 1809 1882 Origin of Species 1859 Studied on Galapagos island Saw giant tortoises Natural selection Lamarck 1444 1829 Inheritance of acquired characteristics FALSE Lysenko 1898 1976 Russian Lamarckian Lecture 3 January 21 In class video Lecture 4 January 23 Hardy Weinbery Law Genetic makeup of population stays the same if 1 Group is big enough 2 Mating is random 3 No new genetic material 4 All individuals equally likely to mate and survive Conditions are never completely met if they were met natural selection would not occur Genetic Drift Shift in genetic composition of a group population that you can t account for Increase height and robustness of American population Founder s effect Population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population Gene flow New genetic material coming into populations Movement of organisms from one population to another Ecological niche The status of an organism within its environment and community affecting its survival as a species Mendel s Laws 1 Segregation a When genes combine in a new organization they don t blend into each other b As generations precede the genes don t blend the genes stay the same unless there is a spontaneous mutation c Some genes may drop out get passed on d Maintain original identity in the individual you don t always see them in a person 2 Independent assortment a Genes do not go from one generation to the next they are passed on independently Primates order Prosimians o 2 classes Monkeys o Old world o New world Apes o Lesser o Great Humans Dating Relative o A way of saying which came for the other thing o Depends on other sites or things or human animal remains that are before or after it Absolute o Chronometric o Not necessarily fixed o Before x and after y Holistic All encompassing Artifact Made by skill Anything a person made Relatively portable thing pots spear points things that throw spears stone tools Law of superposition N O All of other things being equal new things on top of old stuff Before people accepted that the earth went through a series of phases fires earthquakes explosions ect Lecture 5 January 28 Species o o Population that can and does breed together and that produces offspring that are viable and fertile They survive and can have offspring of their own Speciation o How species develop Branching Cladogenesis Adaptive Radiation o When an organism branches away instead of growing straight Straight anagenesis o Evolution in the same place that the organism is o Adapting to the same environment that a species finds themselves Adaptive Radiation o Evolution of a number of divergent species from a common ancestor o Species adapt specialized to a specific environmental niche Convergent Evolution o 2 kinds of species come to look very similar o Bat and a bird parallel evolution Both can fly and have wings but do not have the same characteristics or qualities Adaptation o Physical biological adaptation o Behavior cultural adaptation o Adjustment of an organism or a group of organisms to a particular setting Hominid o Humans and their closely related extinct ancestors Hominin o No apes Eocene 56 34 million years ago o Prosimians Primitive primates Jump Grasp Binocular vision Oligocene 34 25 MYA o Monkeys Diverse nocturnal vs diurnal trees vs ground dwellers Teeth o Monkeys begin to develop to Apes Miocene 23 5 MYA o Apes o Serious forerunners of humans Pliocene 5 MYA o Hominins Not apes Foramen Magnum o big hole o Where the spinal cord attaches o Shrinks as