Sociology 245 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I NCAA II IRS Code a Public benefit organizations b Financing III Tax exemption IV NCAA a Competition b Retains control V Definition of amateurism a Arguments against college players VI Efforts to reform VII Social problems in sport Outline of Current Lecture I Social problems in sport a Violence II Social learning theory III History of violence in US IV Criminal violence These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute V Alcohol VI Fans VII Coaches Current Lecture Social Problems in Sport violence o Contradictions exist why Used by men to use as a tool Worse than before o Failure to define term o Don t distinguish players fans o Categorize all sports together o Don t distinguish long term short term effects Definition o Violence Use of excessive physical force causing harm or destruction o Deviant violence Violation of written or unwritten rules of sport o Accepted violence Protection reproducing ideology Definition o Aggression Verbal or physical action with attempt to dominate control or do harm Aggression usually involved violence Violence does NOT always involve aggression Psychological approaches to aggression o Instinct aggression theory Freud Lorenz Aggressive behavior natural impulse Require outlets for release catharsis competitive games o Frustration Aggression when individual cannot attain a goal aggression results Frustration aggression catharsis Social Learning Theory o Aggression is a social behavior o Learned and reinforced as we Observe aggression Are rewarded for aggression Are object of aggression Definition o Intimidation Words gestures and actions that threaten violence or aggression Often part of aggression History of violence in the United States o Every ethnic minority Victims of aggression o Feature of modern society Violent imagery History of Violence in Sport o Violence has always been a part of sport o Modern sport More rule governed than sports in the past o Rules still allow for controlled violence Viewed as exciting commercialized Violence on Field o Brutal body contact Collisions hits Extreme but accepted o Borderline violence Violate rules but accepted as strategy Sometimes penalized in game Quasi criminal violence o Flagrant fouls cheap shots Fines and suspensions o Criminal violence Assaults o Typology difficult to create because lines separating 4 types of shift over time as norms change in sports and society Pressures to be violent o Over conform to norms of sport ethic Players Enhance status reputation Media Highlights rough play Fans Focus on violent plays Coaches owners commissioners Violence and masculinity o Not limited to men o Gender theory Young males come to sport with identities that are different from young females Young male athletes o Learn to define injurious acts as a part of game o Use power and performance sports as a way to prove masculinity o Are evaluated in terms of ability to do violence in combination with physical skills Evaluation of basketball player o Xxx is only 15 y o needed to be reminded to box out and play more of a mean streak o Weaknesses Not a very physical player Needs to get tougher Give u pdeep position in post Doesn t like fighting with stronger men Missing some character Doesn t always look like he s giving 100 Ring rage o o o o o Angry father killed other player s father on same team Son failed to defend himself on the ice father entered the rink be a man Boy walked away to locker room Other father told fellow dad to ease up Angry father punched man exited rink returned and beat him to death in lobby in front of children parents employees Athletes personal lives o Assumption that violence off field is related to violence learned on field o Outside athletics Recent high profile cases p 145 Within athletics Hazing high school college Causal link is difficult to establish Athletes may be involved in violence before sports Maybe sports can teach people to control violent responses in face of adversity Violence especially against women occurs regularly o Sexual assault rape Some males athletes involved but most involves men NOT currently playing sports Sexual assault and rape examined in context of US culture and considered in all spheres of society including sports Fan Violence sociological approaches o Fan o Roman word fanum chariot races o Theories of collective behavior Contagion theory Aggression spreads Convergence theory Tendency for like minded people to act similarly Perceived injustice o Belief that officials apply a rule unfairly or inaccurately bad calls o Fans believe that a rule itself is unfair regardless of how it is applied e g penalty kick in soccer Alcohol o Alcohol combined with situational factors can lead to violence Observation of violence 2 important points o Media Sets stage for conflict o Viewing aggressive sports No evidence of catharsis Five factors leading to fan violence o Large crowd anonymity o Dense crowd strangers close together o Noisy crowd o Standing crowd o Crowd composition youth male alcohol