Sociology 245 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. NCAAII. IRS Codea. Public benefit organizations b. Financing III. Tax exemption IV. NCAA a. Competition b. Retains controlV. Definition of amateurism a. Arguments against college playersVI. Efforts to reformVII. Social problems in sportOutline of Current Lecture I. Social problems in sporta. Violence II. Social learning theory III. History of violence in USIV. Criminal violenceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. Alcohol VI. Fans VII. Coaches Current Lecture-Social Problems in Sport: violenceoContradictions exist, why?-Used by men to use as a tool -Worse than beforeoFailure to define termoDon’t distinguish players & fansoCategorize all sports togetheroDon’t distinguish long-term & short term effects-Definition oViolence-Use of excessive physical force, causing harm or destructionoDeviant violence-Violation of written or unwritten rules of sportoAccepted violence-Protection, reproducing ideology -Definition oAggression-Verbal or physical action with attempt to dominate, control, or do harm Aggression usually involved violence Violence does NOT always involve aggression-Psychological approaches to aggression oInstinct aggression theory (Freud / Lorenz):-Aggressive behavior: natural impulse-Require outlets for release (catharsis): competitive games oFrustration-Aggression: when individual cannot attain a goal, aggression results -Frustration--> aggression--> catharsis -Social Learning Theory oAggression is a social behavior oLearned and reinforced as we: -Observe aggression-Are rewarded for aggression -Are object of aggression -Definition oIntimidation -Words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression-Often part of aggression-History of violence in the United States oEvery ethnic minority -Victims of aggressionoFeature of modern society -Violent imagery -History of Violence in SportoViolence has always been a part of sport oModern sport-More rule governed than sports in the pastoRules still allow for "controlled" violence-Viewed as exciting, commercialized -Violence on Field oBrutal body contact-Collisions, hitsExtreme but accepted oBorderline violence-Violate rules, but accepted as strategySometimes penalized in-game -Quasi-criminal violence oFlagrant fouls, cheap shots-Fines and suspensionsoCriminal violence -Assaults oTypology difficult to create because lines separating 4 types of shift over time as norms change in sports and society -Pressures to be violent oOver-conform to norms of sport ethic-PlayersEnhance status & reputation -Media Highlights rough play-FansFocus on violent plays-Coaches, owners, commissioners -Violence and masculinity oNot limited to men oGender theory -Young males come to sport with identities that are different from young females -Young male athletes….oLearn to define injurious acts as a part of game oUse power and performance sports as a way to prove masculinity oAre evaluated in terms of ability to do violence in combination with physical skills-Evaluation of basketball playeroXxx is only 15 y/o… needed to be reminded to box out and play more of a mean streakoWeaknesses: -Not a very physical player. Needs to get tougher-Give u pdeep position in post. Doesn’t like fighting with stronger men.-Missing some character?-Doesn’t always look like he's giving 100%-"Ring rage"oAngry father killed other player's father (on same team)oSon failed to defend himself on the ice; father entered the rink: "be a man"oBoy walked away to locker roomoOther father told fellow dad to ease up oAngry father punched man, exited rink, returned and beat him to death in lobby (in front of children, parents, employees)-Athletes personal livesoAssumption that violence off-field is related to violence learned on-field oOutside athletics:-Recent, high profile cases (p. 145)-Within athletics Hazing: high school/college-Causal link is difficult to establish -Athletes may be involved in violence before sports-Maybe sports can teach people to control violent responses in face of adversity -Violence especially against women, occurs regularly oSexual assault/rape-Some males athletes involved but most involves men NOT currently playing sports-Sexual assault and rape examined in context of US culture and considered in all spheres of society, including sports-Fan Violence: sociological approaches oFan oRoman word "fanum": chariot racesoTheories of collective behavior -Contagion theoryAggression spreads-Convergence theory Tendency for like-minded people to act similarly -Perceived injusticeoBelief that officials apply a rule unfairly or inaccurately ("bad calls")oFans believe that a rule itself is unfair, regardless of how it is applied (e.g., penalty kick in soccer)-Alcohol oAlcohol combined with situational factors can lead to violence -Observation of violence: 2 important points oMedia -Sets stage for conflictoViewing aggressive sports-No evidence of catharsis -Five factors leading to fan violence oLarge crowd (anonymity)oDense crowd (strangers close together)oNoisy crowdoStanding crowdoCrowd composition (youth + male +