Overview and History of Psychology Wundt Father of modern psychology first psychology lab Hoped to discover the basic elements of conscious experience James Discover what consciousness was for Study of the purpose that mental processes serve Influenced by Darwin Watson Skinner Freud Influenced by Pavlov influence on advertising Study what people do than say Consequence of behavior Principle of reinforcement reward and punishment Mind as an iceberg see a little bit most of what happens we are not aware of What you want vs what is acceptable Unconscious functionalism structuralism introspection how does experience change mind classification of mental structures analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind reflect on sensory experiences components of mind asks people to report on the components of their subjective experiences behaviorism study of behavior and its environmental determinants ex Pavlov and dog experiments idea that psychology should restrict itself to studying objectively observable behavior psychoanalytic psychodynamic approaches study of unconscious aspects of mind conflict between biological instincts and societal rules early childhood experiences have consequences later on emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes shaping feelings thoughts and behaviors bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders cognitive approaches biological approaches study of mental processes involved in knowing scientific study of mental processes including perception thought memory and reasoning study of brain and nervous system and how they relate to behavior links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes understand links between cognitive processes and brain activity information processing mind like computer input in brain brain processes outward behavior cross cultural approaches if we want to understand human behavior we have to understand the society it takes place in culture ethnicity and gender ex Men and women walking home at night study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members evolutionary explanations behaviors exist today because it has allowed us to survive as species adaptations solutions that have been naturally selected because they contribute to reproductive success explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection You will not be responsible for knowing all of the careers in psychology Research Methods in Psychology theory hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomena frameworks for explaining various events or processes hypothesis a testable prediction derived from theories must be falsifiable goals of psychological research explanation why it happened description observe wonder Prediction create an idea from explanation Control is prediction right questionnaires case studies observation avoid demand characteristics by private situation intensive investigation of one or a couple of individuals goal is to describe phenomena of interest naturalistic observation statistics descriptive and inferential making sense of our data descriptive is to summarize describe our data inferential allows us to draw conclusion hypothesis testing representative sample looks like population population interviews correlations entire group we wish to study correlation coefficient r correlation is not causation if they are proportional than it is positive third variable two variables are correlated only because each is casually related to a third variable independent and dependent variables independent is what we manipulate dependent depends on manipulation of independent variable random sampling random assignment equal probability of being chosen everyone has equal chance of being picked survey interviews and questions a lot of info in short period of time single and double blind procedures single blind is to keep research subjects unaware of conditions double blind is when research and experiment subjects unaware of conditions naturalistic observation experiment unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments goal is to establish causal connections manipulation of variables shows cause and effect establishing casual relationship between variables When things go wrong in research Experimenter expectations Demand characteristics What they expect can influence their observations and behaviors towards subjects people Subjects pick up on hypotheses and behave in that way those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone wants or expects Confirmation bias Hawthorne effect Tendency to look for results that support your hypothesis Act of observing people performing changes their behavior systematic difference between groups before experiment confounding variables ethics in research Belmont report Respect for persons Research should be beneficent benefits outweigh cost Research should be just Informed consent Let you know what s going to happen Freedom for coercion Deception Debriefing Confidentiality Unless it s absolutely necessary Finish study experimenter tells you about study Identities protected with data info Brain and Behavior structure of the neuron dendrites tree branches receive info from other neurons and relay it to the cell body cell body soma nucleus mitochondria info from dendrites aggregated coordinates the information processing tasks and keeps the cell alive axon long tail carries information to other neurons muscles or glands myelin node of ranvier insulations around axon gaps in myelin synapse junction between neurons action potential vessicle neurotransmitter receptor reuptake enzyme deactivation neurotransmitters ACh DA NE 5 HT GABA Glutamate Endorphins etc ACh Dopamine Memory and attention Muscle function in muscles Reward and pleasure Learning and motor behavior Norepinephrine Fight or flight Serotonin GABA Glutamate Endorphins Sleep and dreaming Inhibitory neurotransmitter Primary excitatory neurotransmitter Runner s high Pain relief and pleasure action potential positive ions rush in negative go out when cell is depolarized and crosses the threshold the cell membrane becomes permeable 70 ish millivolts milliseconds goes down length of axon temporarily permeable brief change in electrical charge action potential is neuron firing regenerated down the length of the axon myelin speeds up