Terms/concepts Definitions/examplesADHD treatments - Ritalin (methylphenidate), a stimulant (which seems counterintuitive)o ADHD means they are under-aroused, and arousing them more allows them to calm downo Slightly better positive behaviors compared to placeboo *BUT huge difference in negative behaviors compared to placeboo Can have side effects (sleep issues, lowered appetite, twitches, stunted growth) or ware off o Not beneficial in the long run  need to find a long term solutiono Risk of selling the medication- Behavioral treatments can also be effectiveo Making people recognize their symptoms and helping them with self-regulationo Help with social skillsDownside of autism treatment- Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)- intensive behavioral teachingo Expensiveo Huge time commitmento Strains the family dynamic (other kids may feel neglected)o Raise of IQ by 20 points on averageo Without treatment, long-term prognosis is badPositive psychology - A lot of psychology focuses on the negative, but it is important tostrengthen the positive as well- Questions such as: what buffers stress for some? What creates resiliency? What helps us be happy?- Not about what happens that makes us happy, rather how happy people interpret their livesStress interpretation - Primary appraisal: an event happens and we decide whether it is stressful or not- Secondary appraisal: “can I handle it?”- Negative appraisal: a threat- Positive threat: a challenge (a stressor you can overcome)- The body has different responses to negative and positive appraisalsMind management - Reframing: changing the way you think about your situation to make it positive- Stress inoculation training (SIT): helping people cope with situations by developing a positive mindseto Skills carry over into many areas (learning to cope with stress  helps them deal with a large range of situations)Physical Stress responses- Can be bad if stressed over a long period of time- HPA- GASHPA - fight-or-flight- hypothalamus pituitary adrenal system- Autonomic nervous system has sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) nervous systems- Hypothalamus regulates bodily function  activates response to stress- Activates pituitary gland releases ACTH to adrenal gland- Adrenal gland releases cortisol and catecholamines- Shows that there is a physiological response to stressGAS - General adaptation syndrome- response to any stressor- Alarm phase (mobilize resources)- Resistance phase (cope with stress)- Exhaustion phase (reserves depleted)Stress and cardiovascular health- Heart and circulatory system sensitive to stress- High hostility levels are bad for your heart (increased risk of heart disease)o Type A behavior (competitive, high-achieving) more prone to hostility which is associated with heart problemsBody management - Manage body symptoms of stress- Changing your thoughts- Relaxation therapy & relaxation response (noticing tense muscles and relaxing them)  control heart rate, breathing, reduced blood pressure- Biofeedback: measure pulse (for example), see it and learn to control/train themselves to relax- Aerobic exercise is important (stress relief and might increase serotonin, increases endorphins, good for your body)Situation management - Social support (having supportive friends or family)o Help through stresso Women are more likely to seek out support “tend and befriend” tendency Oxytocin hormone may be related to women seeking out support and nurturing- HumorOptimism - Some people tend to be more optimistic but you can train people to try to be more optimistic (improves immune system)- Hardinesso Manage stress easiero Committed to dealing with their situationo Accepting challenges-  health promoting filtersPositive psychotherapy - Focus on increasing positive emotions- Different than focusing on the negative- Can participate in positive psychology exercises online- E.g. writing down what you would want your obituary to say; look at what’s missing (what you want to add to your life)- E.g. actively showing positive emotions/enthusiasm toward others- E.g. Savoring- enjoying moments (e.g. showering, eating)- E.g. Write down good things in your life- E.g. telling people you are grateful- “gratitude visit”- GratitudeGratitude - Appreciation- A sense of good will- Wanting to act in good will- GQ-6 measure of gratitudeo T/F questionnaire to measure gratitudeo High scores associated with positive emotions, satisfaction, vitality, optimism, low depression & stress- There is a benefit in increasing gratitudeo People feel better- more exercise, optimistic- Research: “counting blessings vs. burdens”o Kept journals of hassles, gratitude, or neutral events (randomly assigned to one)o Gratitude more optimistic, felt better physicallyo Intensified daily recording led to greater global positive