- DSM IV- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (now a 5th edition, but we will focus on the 4th edition)o Used to diagnose people with disorders- Personality disordero Something that causes problems in your interpersonal relationships, how you deal with things on an emotional level, enduring/long lasting (not an episode), present across situations, an extreme deviation, causes distress for the person or people they knowo Deviates from cultural expectationso Inflexibleo Onset in adolescence or early adulthood (else something else is causing it) But never diagnosed while adolescent b/c changing and developingo Enduring, occurs over timeo Causes distress and/or impairment in your functioning- Narcissistic personality disordero “Pervasive pattern of grandiosity”- “I’m amazing and you’re not”, need to feel amazing about self and others are better than others o “Need for admiration”o “Lack of empathy”o “Beginning by early adulthood”o “Present in a variety of contexts”o Preoccupation with fantasies (e.g. success, power, etc.)- one of the top people in what they doo Think they’re special and unique and only associate with other special or unique peopleo Need excessive admirationo Feel entitled to admirationo Feel should be given more than others- recognition, money, etc.o Self-involvedo Exploit otherso Lack empathyo Envious of others and think others are envious of them Negative feedback is interpreted as jealousyo Arrogant and haughtyo Video on man with narcissistic personality disorder Man broke up with girlfriend and describes her as “inadequate”, “has nothing tooffer,” wants someone he can depend on Considers self very intelligent Said others ostracized him because they were jealous of him Can’t find people “of his abilities” that are his “equal” “I Have a brilliant mind” Wants extra attention Angry that others don’t see his brilliance Interprets others’ criticism as jealousy All about him self-centeredness- Antisocial personality disorder & psychopathyo Psychopathy not actually in personality disorder manual but antisocial personality disorder iso Both involve problems in personality and behavioro Antisocial personality disorder: pervasive disregard for the law, safety, etc. Lack remorse Manipulative  Not responsible Many people in prison have antisocial personality disordero Psychopathy- personality Superficial charm- slick, easily convince people to do things, smooth talkers, kind of likeable on a superficial level Grandiosity- different from narcissistic personality disorder b/c they need to often put people down physically Need for stimulation- like crazy and dangerous things for fun (e.g. driving fast onthe wrong side of the road) Pathological lying- convincing people of things that aren’t actually true, manipulating people No remorse- don’t care about how their actions affect other people No empathy- can’t relate as much to others Shallow affect- shallow emotional experiences (e.g. may cry, and stop suddenly b/c the crying has served its function) Prevalence: - ~75% in prisons antisocial personality disorder- ~20% psychopathic *Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy are more about personality than behavior Some say it is the inability to love or have friends Seem sane, but don’t have the capacity to experience the world in a normal way E.g. two people who got married and both were psychopaths- He was already a serial rapist- They killed her sister- She was able to convince people that she was a victim of her husband but she was actually highly involved in the murder- He went to jail- Borderline personality disordero Controversial diagnosis b/c when someone is a pain people may say they have this disordero Significant psychological distresso Unstable moodso Volatile in how they relate to others and how they manage emotional stateo Episodes of aggressiono Self-mutilationo Suicide threats to get attention o Unstable self-imageo May feel empty, or don’t have a good sense of who they areo See others as all good or all bad (e.g. may practically worship someone until they find flaws and then think they are all bad  extreme anger)o Often seek psychiatric treatment; = difficult b/c so unstable- Histrionic personality disordero Don’t diagnose that ofteno Overdiagnose women compared to meno Excessive need for attention (over the top)o Grandiose and provocative dressing and behavioro Everything is overly dramatic (e.g. overly flirtatious)o Emotions are shallow and unstableo Seem like they are on stageo Not extremely problematic for the person experiencing the disorderIntroduction to Axis I Mental Psychopathological Conditions and their Treatment- Advantages and disadvantages of diagnoses & review of disorders- Problems: not good to label people but this unit discusses how to label them  must be cautious. However, the stigma associated with mental illness is changing. Labeling can be good to show what needs people have.- DSM-IV classification system: different axes (don’t worry about axis V)o Axis I disorders: treatable & transient in nature E.g. schizophrenia, mood disorders, sleep disorders, etc.o Axis II: personality disorders & mental retardation considered more permanent E.g. antisocial, borderline, etc.o Axis III: Medical conditions  E.g. cancero Axis IV: crises in life  E.g. homeless, in process of divorce, etc.- Effects of labelso Helpful in facilitating communicationo Can stigmatize and lead to self-fulfilling prophecies Influence how you interact with people- Video on David David Rosenhan’s study “On Being Sane in Insane Places”o Many people used to be institutionalized before the 1960so Then they realized in the 1960s and ‘70s that people have the right to be out in the world and that the community can manage them if they aren’t dangerouso Rosenhan and a group of people got admitted into an institution claiming they were hearing voices, then acted normal after they were admitted. Everyone interpreted their behavior (which was normal) as proof that they were mentally ill.o They became dehumanized and had very little contact with people (very few visitors)o Were diagnosed as schizophrenic (even though weren’t)o These institutions were places people put others whom they didn’t want around in societyo Rosenhan emphasized the fact that people