Motivation and Emotion- Needs, drives and arousal motivate behavioro “Motivation” involves factors that energize, initiate, direct and sustain behavioro “Needs” are states of deficiency (e.g. hunger, loneliness)o Maslow’s influential concept of a “hierarchy of needs” helped shape humanistic psychology Maslow developed the idea that people need to be self-actualized, and that they have the opportunity to “be all they can be” to be happy and have self-peace E.g. artists need to be able to create art to be fully happy If basic needs aren’t met (physiological and safety needs, such as the need for food and the need for safety during war), we won’t think about higher stages in the hierarchy If needs are met, we move up the hierarchy to belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization (things that are technically luxuries- they are not necessary for survival)- Esteem means you feel good about yourself and who you are- Self-actualization means you are all you can be (e.g. a musician is able tocreate music), and you have fulfilled all of your needs and driveso “Drives” are psychological states activated to satisfy needso Needs produce states of arousal which drive behavioro Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis E.g. doing poorly at work motivates you to do better E.g. being hungry motivates you to get food- Yerkes-Dodson Lawo Hull proposed that specific aroused drive states an increase in proportion to the amountof deprivationo Behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become “habit” E.g. we are hungry after we wake up in the morning, so we eat breakfast which becomes a habito “Incentives” are external motivators and are culturally determinedo Optimal arousal: Yerkes-Dodson Law We want a balanced level of arousal- not too little or too much- in order to be happy and maintain our best performance E.g. when taking an exam: if you are bored and have low arousal you will perform poorly, and if you are panicking and have high arousal you will alsoperform poorly. Just the right amount of arousal is optimal and will let you meet your optimal performance. We like an optimal level of challenge. E.g. kids who are extroverted may seek out more arousal (perhaps by breaking into people’s houses for excitement), and kids who are introverted may avoid arousal (by being alone)- Some behaviors are motivated for their own sakeo Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation: extrinsic involves external motivation while intrinsic involves internal motivation (such as the curiosity, play and exploratory drive we have) Also includes creativity and problem solving E.g. if you give children crayons they will draw with them (intrinsic), but if you give them stickers as a reward each time they draw a picture with crayons they will stop drawing with crayons just for fun E.g. if you volunteer you are intrinsically motivated, but if you start getting paid for your work you lose the intrinsic motivation and it is replaced by the extrinsic motivation of making moneyo Extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation This is like the overjustification effect- e.g. children may be less likely to play soccer on their own because society has created so many rules and put so much importance on competitive soccer that its meaning has changed and it is no longer intrinsically rewarding.o Control theory: we like having control of what we are doing We also like the idea that we are intrinsically motivated even though we may get extrinsic motivation You become less motivated if people tell you what to do because you don’t havecontrol over your behavioro Self-perception: our attitudes are formed by watching what we ourselves do E.g. we may begin to think that we like to hang out with our friends because we observe that we frequently hang out with them- Humans have a fundamental need to belong (even if it is within a small group)o The need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences cognition and emotiono Not-belonging increases the risk for health problems, including emotional distresso Social exclusion theory We are uncomfortable when excluded. This discomfort motivates us to try to be included. Feeling excluded increases the risks for many problems (health problems, psychological problems, risk of suicide, etc.)- People seek others when they are anxiouso Isolation produces anxiety, but anxiety motivates the desire for companyo Misery loves miserable company, not just any company When we are sad we like to be with others that are sad or are experiencing the same thing for support E.g. in an experiment participants were either told that they would experience ahigh electric shock that would hurt a lot or a low shock that would not hurt at all. They were also given the choice to wait with others or to wait alone. More people chose to wait with others that were assigned the high electric shock.o Social comparison theory: we like to be better than or equal to others E.g. we don’t like to hang out with people that are smarter than us- Introduction to emotional processeso What is emotion? Emotions are complex reactions that engage our bodies and minds at multiple levelso A psychological model of emotion Physical processes, expressive behavior and cognitive appraisal all influence our emotions Physical processes differ for different emotions (e.g. sweating when nervous) Expressive behavior: what you show can be different from what you feel (e.g. you may smile even though you are sad) Cognitive appraisal: what you say to yourself/thinko The facial feedback hypothesis When you smile you activate muscles linked to happiness, which makes you happier In an experiment when people were asked to bite on a pen (forming a smile) they were happier, whereas when they held then pen with their lips (forming more of a frown) they felt more sado Botox and emotion Botox is an injection that paralyzes your muscles. It can have health benefits formuscle pain and spams, but it can also be used for cosmetic purposes (e.g. having less wrinkles and looking younger) Botox causes the dampening of emotions because of the decrease in muscle movemento Theories on fear James-Lange theory- When you see a grizzly bear your body has an automatic physiological reaction (your heart pounds, you tremble, you sweat) which produces the reaction of fear- (no thought process occurs) Cannon-Bard