Terms/concepts Definitions/examplesInformation processing approach to memory Memory is a process It’s similar to a computer recording memory 3 basic processes- Encoding (like typing into a computer)- Storage (like saving what you typed in the computer)- Retrieval (like retrieving what you typed)Parallel distributed processing model of memory Memory is distributed across interconnected neurons in the brain  When activated, the network works simultaneously (in a parallel manner) to process informationLevels of processing approach to memory Memory depends on the degree or depth of processing occurring Shallow processing leads to little memory Deeper processing leads to greater memory E.g. when you study and all you do is read your notes, you don’t learn as much as if you quiz yourself as you goThree stage memory model forgetting information can occur at each step in the process of remembering something Sensory information lost: e.g. forgetting the faces of some of thepeople you walked past on the way to class Short term info lost: e.g. forgetting the name of someone you just met We haven’t proven that long term memory is ever permanently lost We only remember information if we process it/pay attention to itEncoding Involves a meaningful representation of the memory; we transform what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memoryMaintenance When you repeat information out loud or in your head to remember it; aka storageRetrieval Memory is recalled and then re-encodedVisual imagery encoding The process of storing new info by converting it into mental picturesOrganizational encoding The process of categorizing info according to the relationships among a series of itemsSensory memory - Stores a brief copy (for less than 3 seconds) of stimuli that register during sensory processing- Iconic & echoic memoryIconic memory - A transduced/encoded visual snapshot or “icon”- Lasts less than 1 secondEchoic memory - Memory of sounds- Seems to last for several secondsShort term memory (STM) - Aka working memory- 3 partso Visuospatial sketchpad (e.g. allows you where to find the psych lecture hall without having to think hard about where it is)o Phonological rehearsal loop (repeating something in your head to remember it)o Central executive (has to do with attention)- STM stores about 7 noticed items for up to 30 seconds (unless rehearsed)Chunking - Grouping information together to remember more (STM)- Facilitates encoding and transfer to long term memory (consolidationof info in STM into long term memory)Primacy effect - It is easy to remember the first item learned (STM)Recency effect - It is easy to remember the last item learned (STM)Long term memory (LTM) - You are most likely to remember information by semantic judgment (items that have meaning) than by rhyme or visual judgment- Explicit LTM is organized through the semantic networkExplicit memory - Any memories we can talk about or consciously recall- Semantic & episodic memorySemantic memory - Information and facts (e.g. what year did Columbus sail to America?)Episodic memory - Personally experienced eventsRecall vs. recognition - Recall is when you can directly remember (or recall) information when asked about it/intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness (e.g. listing the names of the 7 dwarves from “Snow White”)- Recognition is when you realize you know the information when you see or hear it/encoding an input and matching it to a stored representation (e.g. recognizing the names of the 7 dwarves from alist of names)Encoding of explicit LTMs - Elaborative rehearsal needed to create meaningful “chunks” and “hierarchies”Elaborative rehearsal - the act of rehearsing or repeating information so you remember it (like studying for a test)Hierarchies - method of organizing information (like outline format)Semantic network - the network of info in your brain/the activation of one concept leads to priming of semantically related concepts, making their subsequent retrieval more probable(if you can’t remember something the semantic network can help you recall it by first thinking of related items)Implicit memory - memory you aren’t consciously aware of- includes procedural memory and primingProcedural memory - motor and cognitive skills (e.g. walking)Priming - enhanced identification of objects or wordsLong-term potentiation (LTP)- A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easierNMDA receptor - A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiationEncoding specificity principle- The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encodedState-dependent retrieval - The tendency for information to be better recalled when the personins in the same state during encoding and retrievalTransfer-appropriate processing- The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding contexts of the situations matchRetrieval-induced forgetting- A process whereby retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related itemsTransience - Forgetting what occurs with the passage of timeRetroactive interference - Situations in which information learned alter impairs memory for information acquired earlierProactive interference - Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired laterAbsentmindedness - A lapse in attention that results in memory failureProspective memory - Remembering to do things in the futureBlocking - A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce itMemory misattribution - Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong sourceSource memory - Recall of when, where and how information was acquiredFalse recognition - A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered beforeSuggestibility - The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollectionsBias - The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelingson recollection of previous experiencesPersistence - The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forgetcSleep - important for memory consolidation- FMRIs show that