Terms/Concepts Definitions/ExamplesAttachment - strong emotional bond with others that continues over timeLorenz & geese - young geese became attached to Lorenz (they followed him, etc.)- Imprinting concept- Don’t have to attach to mother or even same species, just your “primary caregiver”Bowlby - Infants have traits that elicit certain nurturing responsesHarlow’s research on monkeys (& video)- There was a wire “mother” monkey which contained milk, and acloth “mother” monkey with no milk- Disputed view that attachment is due to food- “Contact comfort” is important to attachment- Harlow demonstrates that an attachment bond includes:o Having a safe base when distressedo Having a secure base for explorationo Monkeys in a strange situation without a “mother” were terrifiedResearch by Ainsworth - “The strange situation”- Ainsworth researched how children reacted in strange situations- She found that there were 3 categories of children:o Securely attached (60% of children)- they were upset when the mother left and ran to their mother for comfort upon her returno Avoidant (20%)- were indifferent to the mother leavingand returningo Anxious/ambivalent (15%)- they were upset when their mother left, and ran to her upon her return, but then were angry at her and pushed her awayo Disorganized category (5%)- no consistent responsesDeprivation of attachment - Orphanages and abuse deprive children of attachment- Romanian orphanageso If children were neglected they had trouble with attachment issues and aggressiono If institutionalized for more than 8 months  lasting emotional scarso If adopted after age 2  poor attachment This illustrates a critical period Harlow’s monkeys experienced the same type of effect- neglect, abuse or isolation led to attachment issues 30% of people who are abused will abuse their own childrenTypes of parenting - Permissive (indulgent/indifferent)- children have trouble with self-regulation later- Authoritarian- “my way or the highway” style, generally use physical discipline, they parent in one way (don’t adjust for different children); kids don’t learn to self-regulate because oftoo much parental regulation- Authoritative- better style of parenting, have rules and structure but there is room for negotiation; kids tend to regulate their own behaviorFathers - Father’s appropriate parenting predicts health and well-being (as well as the mother’s)- A British study found that children with involved fathers do better in schoolDaycare - There is no major impact on attachment if a child is enrolled in high-quality daycare - Poor daycare is boring and unresponsive and does impact attachmento Poverty can lead to poor daycare- Daycare produces children with slightly higher thinking/language skills and aggressiveness/defiance, and stresshormones- Working parents compensate for not seeing their child with high-quality time with them outside of workDivorce - Divorce itself does not affect children- Rather, exposure to conflict, or viewing domestic abuse do havea negative impact on children (confounding variables)- Poverty and lack of the involvement by the father after the divorce also have an impact on children“Difficult” vs. “easy” children - “difficult” children are more reactive to stimuli, and are upseteasier (~25% of all children); aka “highly reactive”- “easy” children are less reactive and tend to be calm (~25% of all children); aka “low reactive”- The rest are normalVan den Boom research - Research on child temperament; found that mothers who had sensitivity training adjusted their treatment to the needs of the child and were better at parenting “difficult” children than mothers who had no trainingVideo on temperament & Kagan’s research on very young children- Emphasis on “nature” (vs. nurture) for very young children - Could foreshadow at 4 months whether a child would become introverted/shy or social o Toys were swung in front of the childo If the child thrashed its limbs and became tense and upset, it was likely to become a shy childo If the child was quiet and calm, it was likely to become asocial childo This is because shy children can’t handle too many stimuli, and social children seek out moreo More research showed that when shown a toy, very shychildren tended to have high activity in one hemisphereof the brain, very social children had high activity in the other, and normal children used both hemispheres about equallyTemperament - Innate biological behavioral and emotional styleShyness - A temperament that can be consistent and enduring“Goodness of fit” - Children need an environment with the right amount of stimulation (not too much or too little)Video on temperament and the environment- Your temperament continues as you grow older (high vs. low reactive)- Monkeys are the same way- If monkeys were placed with a parent with the opposite temperament of themselves, they become like their parent over time (nurture > nature in this case)Kagan’s “pale grey fabric” metaphor- The fabric is made up of thin black and white threads that you can’t distinguish, much like humans who are made up of “nature” vs. “nurture”- you can’t distinguish between the two- This shows the complexity of