PAD Midterm 3003 Thomas Blair 1883 Civil Service Reform Act Important for state and local levels Civil service reform 200 cities adopted civil service reform by the 1930 s Woodrow Wilson Study of Administration 1887 The study of administration 1887 on the quiz first piece written about American PA Goal was to refocus political science The emphasis should be is on how government actions are carried out Concerned with organizational efficiency and economy Looked at PA as a field of business It is easier to run a Constitution than to frame one Frank J Goodnow Politics and Administration 1900 PA should be viewed differently from politics and should be based on a science of management The expression of the will of the state v the execution of that will Look at Politics and Administration 3 Types of Authorities Judicial Executive Administration Two Primary Functions of all Governments The expression of will of the state Politics The execution of the will of the state Administration Frederick Taylor One best way of accomplishing a task Willoughby s 1918 Budgetary Reform Budgeting Reform From 1900 to 1920 the national economy grew from just under 1 5 billion to almost 9 billion Cook and Clay The Enlightenment Age of Reason 17th 18th Century Western Europe Scottish Enlightenment Founded by Frances Hutcheson Inspired by ideas from John Locke and elaborated the conditions that justified overthrowing foreign leaders by tyrannized colonial peoples Impacts of Enlightenment Thinkers believed learning history was vital in the education process because it could enhance the well being of future citizens Cook and Klay 2014 7 Thomas Jefferson used ideas to guide writing of the Constitution Washington s ideas are centered in the Scottish Enlightenment Illinois Mine Centralia 3 25 1947 Mine exploded and 111 perished despite multiple warnings that the mine needed to be cleaned Cooper s 4 Questions How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context What are the normative foundations for public administrative ethics How can organizations be designed to be supportive of ethical conduct When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly and when should we treat them unequally Teleological Telos Result Theories stress the importance of maximizing what is good Deontological Deon That which is binding Emphasize motives and intentions instead of consequences as the most influential element in decision making The Prince 1532 Provides recommendations on how rulers can gain and Niccolo Machiavelli maintain power Means to an ends philosophy Frederickson Civil service decreased almost 25 percent from 1974 1999 while the contract workforce doubled at the federal level during the same time period As of 2010 17 million people make up the extended workforce Adams and Balfour Rubenstein 1975 No laws against genocide were broken by people that perpetrated the Holocaust Reconstructing Public Ethics American liberal democracy is vastly procedural Based on elements that are laid out it is black and white and methodical Anderson Publicness Defined as a characteristic of an organization which reflects the extent to which the organization is influenced by political authority The IHI Triple Aim is a framework developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement that describes an approach to optimizing health system performance 4 QUESTIONS 1 How do American administrative ethical norms fit into a global context Self determination Freedom Honesty Trust and Stability Growing consensus that these ideas are elements that countries ought to support Generally all are needed for a trust in government Social equity is not necessarily discussed 2 What are the normative foundations for public administrative ethics Regime Values Ethics ought to be grounded in the Constitution regime which values freedom equity property Citizenship Theory Obligations are associated with the good citizen Social Equity Normative perspective in admin theory in the early 1970 s How can organizations be designed to be supportive of ethical conduct Principle of justice as crucial Organizational structure and culture Not equal with ethical conduct Zimbardo s 1973 prison simulation at Stanford College kids assigned various roles at prison took on behaviors that resembled roles Experiment last 6 days instead of two weeks When should we treat people equally in order to treat them fairly and when should we treat them unequally Progressives Delivering services efficiently based on scientific principles First half of 20th century Treat everyone fairly the same Diversity surfaces in the 1950 s Publicness Defined as a characteristic of an organization which reflects the Advancement of movements Civil Rights Environmental etc extent to which the organization is influenced by political authority Politics Based on what is considered to be the normal or correct way of doing something Ethics is perspective based The expression of will of the state The execution of the will of the state Administration Normative Bozeman stress idea about economic individualism motivated by economic Economic Individualism philosophy emphasizing in matters economic the values and interests of the individual 3 Principles of Economic Individualism 1 Human Centered not based on societal needs 2 Social Government institutions are used to satisfy 3 individuals needs Individuals is a supreme value and that all people have equal moral value Individualism term introduced by Alexis de Tocqueville Free Market the means and the ability to maximize freedom and efficiency with resources to obtain a share of society equal to what he or she contributes to it Public policies rooted in economic individualism are promoted with phrases such as progressivism public value or populism Otto von Bismarck 1st chancellor of German Pensions and medical care among programs Publicness The degree of political authority constraints and endowments affecting the institution Privateness The degree of market authority constraints and endowments affecting the institution Normative publicness The extent to which an organization holds public sector values Anderson 2007 Dewey 1927 public interest cannot be determined without discussion It is an ideal instead of a scientific term Public values A normative consensus about The rights benefits and prerogatives to which citizens should and shouldn t be entitled to The obligations of citizens to society the state and each other The principles that
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