I. Sustainable Environment: allows humans to survive without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needsII. Plant Biology Specialtiesi. Plant cell biologyii. Plant Anatomy: cells and tissuesiii. Plant morphology: structure of plant partsiv. Plant physiology: how plants function, processesv. Plant Geneticsvi. Plant ecology: interrelationships among plants with each other and their environmentvii. Plant systematics: evolutionary relationshipsviii. Plant taxonomy: description, naming, and classificationix. Paleobotany: biology and evolutionIII. Domain Bacteriai. Kingdom BacteriaIV. Domain Archaeai. Kingdom ArchaeaV. Domain Eukaryai. Kingdom Protistai. Kingdom Plantaeii. Kingdom Anamaliaiii. Kingdom FungiI. Types of Bondsi. Ionic Bond: force of attraction between 2 oppositely charged ionsii. Covalent Bond: forms when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons to complete their energy levelsiii. Hydrogen bond: a weak attraction between a slightly positive H atom in one molecule and a slightly negative atom in another moleculeiv. Nonpolar Covalent: electrons shared equallyv. Polar Covalent: electrons shared unequallyII. Inorganic Compounds: composed of elements other than carboni. Ex.: Water, acids, basesIII. Organic compounds: contain carbon and (usually) hydrogeni. Ex.: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteinsIV. Cohesion: the tendency of like molecules to adhereV. Adhesion: the tendency of unlike molecules to adhereVI. Acid: compound that dissociates in a soluation to form H+ and negatively charged ionsi. Strong- dissociate completelyii. Weak- dissociate slightlyVII. Base: dissociates in water to produce negatively charged OH- ions and positively charged ionsI. Prokaryotes: lack nucleiII. Eukaryotes: cell structure is larger and has more complex structuresIII. Plastid: group of membrane bounded organelles occurring in photosynthetic eukaryotic cellsIV. Chromoplast: type of plastid, contains pigments that provide yellow, orange, and red colorsV. Thylakoid: membraneous stacks of thin, flat, circular plates. Stack of thylakoids= granumVI. Vacuole: membrane bounded sac filled with a liquid that contains a variety of materials in addition to waterVII. Cell wall: outside of plasma membrane. Supports and protects the cell while providing routes for water and dissolved materials to pass into and out of the cells. Composed of cellulose. Composed of primary cell wall, middle lamella, and secondary cell wall.VIII. Fluid mosaic model: the current model for the structure of plasma membrane and other cell membranes in which protein molecules float in a fluid phospholipid bilayerIX. Osmosis: movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with higher concentration of water to lower concentrationX. Facilitated diffusion: materias diffuse from higherlower concentrations through special passageways in the membraneXI. Active transport: assisted movement of a substance from a lower higher concentration. (move against the gradient)XII. Symbiosis: Mutualism- both gaining. Parasitic- one gains, one loses. Commensalism- one gain, other not affectedXIII. Shorter wavelength- higher energy; longer wavelength- lower energyXIV. Light Dependent Cycles: require light/photons. Take in water, release oxygen.XV. Light Independent Cycles: uses carbon dioxideXVI. C4 plants: sugar cane, crab grass, corn. High light, high weather conditions, high heatXVII. CAM plant: pineapple, cactus. Shut stomata during the day to prevent water lossXVIII. Aerobic Respiration: 1.Glycolysis 2.Formation of acetyl CoA 3.Citric Acid Cycle 4.Electron transport and chemiosisI. Anabolic reactions: chemical reactions where energy is stored in moleculesII. Catabolic Reactions: chemical reactions where energy is released from moleculesIII. Calvin Cycle: 1.CO2 uptake 2.Carbon Reduction 3.RuBP regeneration. Inputs-CO2, NADPH, ATP. Outputs- carbohydrate moleculesIV. ATP Synthase: an enzyme complex that synthesizes ATP from ADP, using the enrgy of a proton gradient. Located in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and in the inner mitochondrial membraneV. Aerobic Respiration: 1.Glycolysis 2.formation of CoA 3.Citric Acid Cycle 4.Electron transport & chemiosmosisVI. Fermentation: an anaerobic pathway. Degrades glucose and other organic materials without oxygen. Very inefficientVII. Hebacious plants: do not develop persistent woody parts abovegroundVIII. Woody plants: trees and shrubs, have woody partsIX. Ground Tissue System: all of the tissues of the plant body other than the vascular and dermal tissues. Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchymaX. Vascular tissue system: tissue system that conducts materials throughout the plant body. Composed of xylem and phloemXI. Dermal tissue system: the tissue system that provides an outer covering for the plant bodyXII. Plant growth: Primary growth (length), secondary growth (girth), apical meristemXIII. Periderm is made of: cork cells, cork cambium, cork parenchymaXIV. Vetiver: coarse tropical grass. Reduces rainfall runoff and soil loss. Increases crop yieldXV. Four types of Xylem cells: Tracheids, vessel elements, xylem fibers, xylem parenchymaI. Taproot System: consists of one dominant main root with similar lateral roots branching from it. Obtain water deep undergroundII. Fibrous root system: consists of several adventitious roots of approximately equal size that arise from the base of the stem. Obrain rainwaterIII. Function of Roots: anchor plant in soil, absorb water and dissolved minerals, storageIV. Root Cap: a covering of cells over the root tip that protects the delicate meristematic tissue directly behind it. Makes sure the root grows downward.V. Root Hair: an extension of an epidermal cell of a root that increases the absorptive capacity of the rootVI. Endodermis: the inner most layer of the cortex of the root that prevents water and dissolved materials from entering the xylem by passing between cellsVII. Casparian strip: a band of waterproof material around the radial and transverse cells of the endodermis. Ensures that water and minerals enter the xylem only by passing through the endodermal cellsVIII. Symplast: continuum of living cytoplasm connected with plasmodesmataIX. Apoplast: continuum consisting of the interconnected, porous plant cell walls, along which water moves freelyX. Pericycle: a layer of cells just inside the endodermis of the root. Gives rise to lateral rootsXI. Prop roots: adventitious roots that develop from branches or from a
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