Questions For Final Exam 1. According to the Revised Garbage Can Model, the decision-making process is: Chaotic2. According to the Revised Garbage Can Model the decision-making process can be understood in the context of: Three Separate Streams that operate independently.3. The three streams of the revised garbage can model of decision-making operate interdependently. False, they are Independent.4. The three streams of the revised garbage can model of decision-making are separate and operate independently. True5. The Problem stream refers to an understanding of “how and why one set of problems rather than another comes to occupy officials’ attention.” 6. The Political stream represents the pulse of the nation as conveyed through public and special interest campaigns 7. The Policy stream is where administrators, technocrats, researchers, and political staffers formulate policy proposals 8. Policy advocates increase their chances of influencing the agenda-setting process given the convergence of Problem, Political, and Policy Streams.9. When a problem emerges and the political climate is ripe for certain policy preference a Policy Window widens 10. The Revised Garbage Can style of decision making assumes that a diverse group of individuals will act in consultative capacity. False, Participatory Model. 11. The Participatory model is advantageous insofar as Interest Groups provide decision makers with a wealth of information 12. Organizations that are said to be more inclined to underemphasize organizational values and goals and overemphasize the values and goals of clientele groups are: Captive Organizations.13. Consistent with European oligarchies, the American system of government was founded on the principle of popular sovereignty, the embodiment of which is the right to participate in the electoral process. False, Replace “Consistent” with “Contrary”.14. In contrast to participatory decision making and pluralism, elite theory assumes that a selected few are afforded the privilege of making decisions. True.15. From a decision-making perspective, being one of the elite may center on an individual’s:Knowledge level, Education, Status in a Public Organization.16. Public choice theory is a school of thought derived from: Microeconomics.17. Public choice theorists underscore the importance of social equity. False, Efficiency18. Public choice theorists underscore the importance of Efficiency.19. The primary goal of groupthink-styled decision-making group is to maintain: Power & Cohesiveness.20. Groupthink is characterized by freewheeling (something often observed and encouraged in brainstorming) False.21. Group think is characterized by: Extreme Conformity.22. The circumstances under which groupthink occurs tend to coincide with the options listedbelow...EXCEPT: The correct answer will be anything but Directive Leadership, Group Homogeneity, Isolation from Outside Influences.23. Participatory decision making assumes: A diverse group of individuals will act in a consultative capacity.24. Elite theory assumes: A select few are afforded the privilege of making decisions.25. The political decision-making model assumes: Intra-organizational coalitions compete for influence.26. Public choice theory is derived from: Microeconomics.27. Public choice theory assumes that: Self-interest determines how decisions are made; Bureaucrats make decisions that minimize risk and maximize rewards.28. Fundamental change is difficult to achieve via incrementalism because it: Perpetuates and Condones the Status Quo29. Which of the following is NOT one of the circumstances which tends to encourage groupthink: There are three circumstances under which groupthink can occur: 1. Directive leadership 2. Group homogeneity 3. Isolation30. Rationalization is a symptom of groupthink because: Shared rationalizations areused to dismiss warning signs of the potential dangers of groupthink31. Which of the following are NOT means of helping to avoid groupthink? The following are ways of helping to avoid groupthink: The leader must not state his or her preferences, A “Devil’s Advocate” should be assigned, Must be a degree of anonymity, Debate and Critical Analysis must be encouraged.32. Taking risks is central to creative decision making. True.33. Effective brainstorming entails quantity over quality. True.34. In the revised garbage can model, the problem, political, and public streams steer the decision making process. False, Problem, Political, and POLICY streams.35. The first step of decision making is setting an objective. False, Pinpointing the problem is the first step of decision making.36. To remain in the running, a course of action should meet some of the “must” objective and it should meet all of the “want” objectives. False, All of the “must” objectives, and some of the “want” objectives.37. When formulating alternative courses of action, a decision maker should ask whether the problem has existed before. True.38. Wilson champions that Public Administration must emerge as a profession that is all of the below, EXCEPT: PA should emerge as a profession that is Responsible, Professional, and Efficient.39. Consistent with the notions of nineteenth-century reformers like Wilson and Goodnow, twentieth-century analysts acknowledged the reality that appointed administrative officials function in an apolitical environment. False.40. The assumption that politics and administration could be separated was ultimately disregarded as utopian. True.41. Since they are endowed with great discretion, public administrators fall victim to policy preferences from all sorts of stakeholders, most notably: Interest Groups, Legislators, Media Groups, and Rank-and-File Citizens42. Massively dense documents filled with calculations and figures are: Budgets43. According to the incremental approach the best decisions are logical: that is, decision-makers try to meticulously account for every possible consequence involved in choosing one course of action over another. False, Rational-Comprehensive School.44. The rational-comprehensive school of decision-making argues that pressures resulting from crises and deadlines limit the amount of time available for detailed analysis. False, Incremental Approach.45. The Budget reflects the successes and failures of the various contenders – agencies and departments fighting to avoid budget cuts through their relationships with powerful people and elected
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