What are the origins of public administration Public Administration originated in Egypt The current system borrows heavily from the British model which is a product of the Scottish Enlightenment Adam Smith and Francis Hutcheson American public administration started when Jacksonian democracy which employed the spoils system gave way to Progressive Era reforms What are White s assumptions White assumed that public administration is A single process uniform across all levels Starts at the base of management An art but it attaches importance to its ability to transform into a science What is the politics administration dichotomy Described in Goodnow s article Politics and Administration Two distinct functions of government are politics policies or expressions of state will and administration execution of these policies Lack of harmony between the two leads to political paralysis Popular government requires that the executing authority administration is subordinate to the expressing authority politics What are the tenets of American democracy Individualism equity and liberty What is publicness Public is a matter of degree not category all organizations are public to some extent What is street level bureaucracy The people who actually carry out the policies of an administration for example teachers who teach information at their discretion What is the iron triangle What is the goods matrix The iron triangle is composed of campaign contributions information and favorable policies Iron triangle is a symbiotic relationship Excludable Non excludable Rivalrous Private Goods Common Pool Resources E g iPod E g fish Non rivalrous Toll Club Goods Public Goods E g concert E g natl defense What are Rosenbloom s three foundations of public administration 1 Managerial approach executive leads to performance 2 Political approach legislative leads to oversight 3 Legal approach orderliness and comprehension What is the Bureau of Municipal Research Estbalished in 1907 by some academics who wanted to apply scientific management to public affairs Promoted efficiency and ethics in government They conducted studies on government responsiveness and made recommendations for improvement What is Laswell s policy cycle Agenda Setting The recognition of certain subject as a problem demanding further government attention Policy Formulation Exploring options or alternatives available for addressing the problem Decision making Deciding on a course of action whether to perpetuate the policy status quo or alter it Implementation Putting the decision into practice Evaluation Assessing the effectiveness of a policy in terms of its intentions and results What are Lowi s different policy types Distributive policies that diffuse costs but narrow benefits For example a tariff on imported goods 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 Redistributive policies that take from the haves and provide to the have nots like welfare Regulatory policies that limit the discretion of actors and compel desired behavior e g speed limits What is policy incrementalism Many small policy changes are made over time in increments It s unusual for there to be a huge policy change What is new public management How does it relate to public choice The old canon of public life was based on merit rules and codes of professionalism which was decent but still very inflexible and bureaucratic New Public Management called for innovation flexibility power sharing and is characterized by public private partnerships and non governmental actors heavily engaged in service delivery Organizational theory What are the four schools or eras of organizational studies Classical neoclassical human relations and contemporary CLASSICAL SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PEOPLE AND CONCEPTS What was Taylor all about What were his four principles Taylor s four principles are o 1 Adopt laws to make completing tasks as efficient as possible o 2 Workforce specialization identify strengths and weaknesses of workers o 3 Fusing together work procedures and specialized training o 4 Equal division of responsibility between management and workers What was the Weberian bureaucracy Weber was all about bureaucracy He said it was ideal and characterized by Stringent hierarchy machine like structure Centralized authority Technical expertise What is POSDCORB What is co optation Planning organizing directing staffing coordinating reporting and budgeting Co optation emphasizes the informal organizations embedded in formal organizations HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL PEOPLE AND PRINCIPLES What are Theory X and Theory Y Theory X workers hate work Theory Y workers like work and are super motivated What is Maslow s hierarchy of needs What are some criticisms of it Needs Physiological safety love esteem self actualization Critcisms The hierarchy is ethnocentric and not generalizable to other cultures Also needs can be achieved simultaneously What was the Simon Waldo debate The issues that divided Simon and Waldo were 1 2 3 4 The meaning role and limitations of science for administrative study The practical and analytical distinctions between values and facts policy and administration The nature of responsible administration The relevance of constitutional democratic theory for the academic study of public administration What is principal agent theory What are some examples What are some solutions Workers won t try to reach the organization s goals which is a problem because the workers know more about their craft than the managers For example the CEO of Boeing doesn t know a lot about making planes but the actual workers do To solve for this we should monitor workers and align incentives of managers and employees HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT What are civil service systems Civil service systems provide the basis for more businesslike government They are extremely efficient and have strict codes of ethics The idea is that government services must be delivered without passion or prejudice services must be delivered efficiently and truthfully What are some pieces of legislation affecting public human resources management 1 Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 provided federal jobs based on merit through exams firing bc of political differences was outlawed created civil service commission 2 Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 created office of personnel management merit systems protection board fair labor relations authority protection for whistleblowers 3 Civil Rights Act of 1964 established equal employment outlawed discrimination What are
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