emotion cognitive appraisal mood alexithymia primary emotions secondary emotions circumplex model Ch 10 affect immediate specific response to some envt l event involve subj evaluation physio processes cognitive beliefs typically are interruptive people s beliefs understanding of why they feel what they do diffuse long lasting emotional state influences thought behav rather than interrupting people have a vague idea of what they re feeling disorder where people don t experience subj components of emotions physio messages assoc w emotions don t reach the brain structures that interpret emotion evolutionarily adaptive shared across cultures assoc w specific physical states anger fear happiness sadness disgust surprise contempt blends of primary emotions remorse guilt submission anticipation pos neg affect crying neurochem evidence supports idea that they are independent dopamine assoc w pos norepinephrine w neg results mainly from being unable to respond James Lange theory Cannon Bard theory amygdala pathways to amygdala behaviourally to emotions may relieve parasympathetic stress social fxn by bringing in sympathy support from others person s interpretation of the physical changes in a situation leads them to feel emotion we perceive specific patterns of bodily responses we feel emotion emotion as a result of the perception stimulus phys change emotion proposed that mind is quick to experience emotions body catches up later info from stimulus processed in subcortical structures stimulus phys change emotion both happen simult but independently processes emotionally significant stimulus info allows immediate response rxns largely assoc w emotional learning direct quick n dirty unconscious for priority processing indirect slow more deliberate confirming info conscious prefrontal cortex Schacter Singer Two Factor theory right cortex neg affect left cortex pos affect pattern known as cerebral asymmetry if person has dom hemisphere it can bias their emotions any stimulus can evoke a physio response a cognitive interpretation emotional label when people experience arousal they initiate a search for the source whatever they believe to cause the emotion will determine how the person labels the emotion regulating emotions everyday life requires us to reign in emotions humour thought suppression rumination distraction emotions are adaptive facial expression display rules heuristics decision making affect as info theory somatic markers self regulation could be avoiding certain situations focusing attention on certain aspects humour reappraise events thought suppression rumination increases pos affect can be used as coping mech stim endocrine secretion increases immunity dopamine serotonin endorphins attempt to not respond to emotions often leads to rebound effect where people think about the suppressed thought even more constantly thinking about the situation prolongs mood impedes successful mood regulating strategies doing something to shift thoughts from troubles absorb attention may backfire if attention shift leads to new rumination prepare guide successful behaviours that increase likelihood of survival reproduction provide info about the importance of a stimuli to personal goals adaptive info about if we please someone or if they want to reject attack us eyes mouth most telling Dunlap argues mouth is most telling for pos affect clues how when people exhibit emotions learned through socialization culture to culture gender to gender cognitive guides that give feedback for quick decisions in various social situations we anticipate our future emotional states which then serve as a source as heuristic guides Schwarz Clore we use our current moods to make judgments appraisals even if we don t know the source of the mood bodily rxns that effect most self regulatory actions decisions arise from emotional emotions interpersonal relations guilt motivation need need hierarchy self actualization drive incentives habit Yerkes Dodson law eval of an action s consequence Domasio s somatic marker theory emotional expression nonverbal communication strengthens social bonds in 3 ways factors that energize direct or sustain behav motivational states are energizing directive differ in strength help animals persist state of bio or socio deficiency Maslow s pyramid occurs when someone achieves their dreams aspirations psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need by creating arousal ext objects or ext goals rather than int drives that motivate behavs behav that has consistently reduced drive performance increases w arousal up to a certain point Ch 12 social facilitation presence of others enhances performance Zajonc s model of social facilitation pleasure principle extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation social loafing deindividuation risky shift effect group polarization groupthink the way drives are satisfied motivation to perform an activity bc of the ext goals toward which that activity is directed ex working to receive paycheck motivation to perform an activity bc of the value pleasure assoc w the activity rather than for an apparent ext goal or purpose ex reading a book presence of others can enhance or impair performance depending if domin response is easy or difficult in current situation people work less hard in a group than alone state of reduced individuality self awareness attention to personal standards typically when aroused anonymous groups make riskier decisions than individuals initial attitudes of group members determine whether the group becomes riskier or more cautious extreme form of group polarization that results when group members are particularly conformity normative influence informational influence social norms compliance foot in the door effect door in the face low balling strategy Milgram studies in obedience aggression frustration aggression hypothesis cognitive neoassociation model culture honour roid rage concerned w maintaining the group s cohesiveness altering one s behavs opinions to match those of other people or to match others expectations occurs when we go along w the crowd to avoid looking silly when we assume that the behav of a crowd is the correct response expected standards of conduct tendency to agree to do things requested by others tendency to comply w large request if already agreed to a smaller request attempting to convince the respondent to comply by making a large request that ll probably be turned down like door slamming n face balance