Spearman's Theory of Intelligencea.Had teachers rank each child in terms of where they fit in different subjects 1-261.Administered a pitch discrimination test (sensory discrimination test)i.French, math, classics, music, English2.Moderate to strong positive correlation for all variables, lowest as +.40 between math and pitchi.Took these 6 variables and correlated them3.Reduces large numbers of correlationsi.In factor Analysis of the student study, there was a single factor underlying relationships: General Intelligence (g)1)Find common factors in all correlationsii.Spearman developed a statistical procedure called Factor Analysis:4.G drives everything we do from a cognitive perspectivei.Highly controversial since 1904. (Publication of study)ii.Theorized that: 5.However, objective cognitive tests seems to positively correlate together usuallyi.Issues: bias of teacher6.If we say that intelligence is not separate, independent connections and abilities, we say that intelligence is some general force.i.Positive manifold: cognitive abilities tend to be positively correlated7.Charles Spearman (1883-1945)b.Gardner's Theory of Intelligencec.Linguistic intelligence ex. William Shakespeare1.Logical-Mathematical Intelligence ex. Isaac Newton2.Spatial Intelligence (visual spatial skills, shape, form, 3D, artists ex. Tetris) ex. Michaelangelo3.Musical Intelligence ex. Mozart4.Not strength, speed, but how effectively you can use your body, down to detailed/delicate tasks. Cognitive ability1)Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence (ability to use ones body effectively) 5.Interpersonal Intelligence (ability to understand/read people)6.Spearman saw the brain as a sonic screwdriver, Gardner saw the brain as a Swiss Army knifea)Completely unrelated to each other1)Not one of these are more important than any other for humans2)Intrapersonal Intelligence (ability to understand yourself, introspection) ex. Freud7.Original theory: There are 7 independent, equally important intelligences.a.Most IQ tests measure them to some degree1.Gardner believes tests are artificial and could never measure things accurately (like judging batting practice instead of a real game)1)Other 4 are harder to measure2.Critics of Gardner assert that not all intelligences are equal, not all low intelligences are impairing to the point of handicapping3.Someone who is degrading in athletic ability would be said by Gardner to be declining in cognitive intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence4.How do you measure these? b.Howard Gardner 1983: "Multiple Intelligences"d.2 different theories:1.Alfred Binet: researched child development, foremost expert in educational psychologyWas consulted by the French school system to come up with screen for special needs studentsDecided to devise objective testPublished first IQ test in 1905 •Atheoretical Questions about memory, reasoning, comprehension, knowledge: "higher order" thinking skillsTest worked by taking groups of school-age kids and got avg level of performance by age groups Score was reported as a "mental age": above avg age was good, below avg age might reflect students who would struggle in school Test worked well First practical, workable, objective measure of intelligence One of the first instances of psychology having good practical applicationsEventually formula was created (Mental age / Chronological age) x 100= intelligence quotient (IQ) This is how 100 becomes the average for every age groupBinet didn't subscribe to intelligence theories, but Spearman cited it as a good test of gLewis TermanAmerican (Stanford) Psychologist Terman translates test into English, changes some comprehension/knowledge questions to enable them to apply to American students Created the Stanford-Binet, quickly popularized and became standard for all US IQ tests Problems with Binet's test:1. Could only be utilized on school-age children2. Single-user format (individually administered)1917 - US engages in WWIMust decide placement for army, who will be soldiers and who can specialize Arthur Otis develops Army Alpha test: borrowed liberally from Binet:but for adults and can be administered in a group format. Worked well IF test-taker spoke English and could read well Developed the Army Beta test: totally non-verbal (for immigrants and illiterate)Today: ASVAP still in place in army, only institution allowed to discriminate on the basis of IQDavid WechslerNew York PsychologistDrafted into army as psychologist, was a scorer of army alpha/beta testsHistory of IQ tests: developers2.Intelligence/IQ:Finals Study GuideSaturday, May 10, 20145:13 PM Psychology Page 1Drafted into army as psychologist, was a scorer of army alpha/beta testsDeveloped his own series of IQ tests: devised a new, more statistically reliable and sophisticated way of scoring. Eliminated mental age and replaced w/deviation scoresFirst of Wechsler series developed in 1939, by 1960s Wechsler series surpasses Binet in popularity and continue to today to be the most popular IQ testStanford-Binet 5th edition uses deviation scores, no longer scores on mental ageBiological Explanationsi.Eysenck's Traitsa.Trait approach to personality1.Those with high levels of extroversion are friendly, outgoing, sociable, lively1)Extroversion1.Those with high levels of neuroticism are emotional, reactive, stress and anxiety prone1)Neuroticism2.Opposite of a "good citizen" type personality: one who has low levels of psychoticisma)A psychotic might be anarchical, worse citizens, worse at following rulesb)High levels of psychoticism exhibit hostility, impulsivity, "tough mindedness", not soft or sentimental, less "rule conscious"1)Psychoticism3.3 Traits are Independent of each other: there is no correlation between the tendency of these traitsCame to a theory that there are 3 broad traits in personality: the Giant 3○PEN (Psychoticism/Extroversion/Neuroticism) Model○Hans Eysenck•Extroversion - people are generally more socialNeuroticism - at greater risk for anxietyPsychoticism - more at risk for criminal/aggressive behavior and artistic behaviorGenerally, yes: they tend to relate○Are they valid/meaningful/predictable?•Introverts have higher average baseline cortical arousalWhen we are under-stimulated, we feel bored, tired, fatigued◊When we are over-stimulated, we feel stressed◊Extroverts have lower average baseline cortical arousalDifferences in average baseline cortical arousal define extroverts and